A woman gives birth to a small infant with a malformed skull.

The infant grows abnormally slowly and shows signs of substantial cognitive and intellectual deficits.

The child also has facial abnormalities including a short nose and thin lip that become more striking as it develops.

The correct answer is choice C.

Choice A rationale:

Generalized vasospasm is not a symptom of abruptio placenta. It is more associated with conditions like preeclampsia.

Choice B rationale:

Abruptio placenta is usually associated with painful dark red vaginal bleeding, not painless bright red bleeding.

Choice C rationale:

“Knife-like” abdominal pain with vaginal bleeding is a classic symptom of abruptio placenta.

Choice D rationale:

Increased fetal movement is not a symptom of abruptio placenta. In fact, fetal movement may decrease due to distress.

The correct answer is choice A.

Choice A rationale:

Fetal heart tones detected by ultrasound are a positive sign of pregnancy because they provide direct evidence of a fetus.

Choice B rationale:

Breast tenderness is a presumptive sign of pregnancy, not a positive one, as it can be caused by other conditions such as premenstrual syndrome.

Choice C rationale:

A positive urine pregnancy test is a probable sign of pregnancy, not a positive one, as it measures the presence of hCG, a hormone produced during pregnancy. However, certain medications and medical conditions can also produce hCG.

Choice D rationale:

Fatigue is a presumptive sign of pregnancy, not a positive one, as it can be caused by various other conditions such as stress or illness.