An 18-year-old pregnant client asks the nurse the purpose of the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) test. What is the nurse's response?

A. Emphasize the protein, vitamin, and iron needs of pregnancy nutrition: While emphasizing proper nutrition during pregnancy is important, this response does not directly address the client's current behavior or potential underlying health concerns related to pica.

B. Kindly but firmly scold the client to discourage the habit: Scolding the client is not an appropriate or effective approach. A non-judgmental, supportive response is needed to encourage open communication about this habit and to explore potential underlying causes.

C. Suggest they have a hemoglobin assessment done because of the association between pica and iron-deficiency anemia: Pica, the craving for nonfood substances like detergent, chalk, and soap, is often associated with iron-deficiency anemia. It would be appropriate to suggest a hemoglobin assessment to check for anemia.

D. Arrange for a separate appointment to prepare instructions about the hazards of ingesting nonfood substances: While it's important to discuss the risks of ingesting nonfood substances, it would be more helpful to address the potential underlying cause (iron deficiency) first and then discuss the hazards of pica in a supportive way.

A. He cannot be fooled by changing shapes: This concept relates to Piaget’s idea of conservation, which develops later in childhood, typically around age 7 or older. During the first year, infants are not yet able to understand that changing shapes do not alter the properties of objects.

B. Most procedures can be reversed: The ability to understand reversibility of actions is part of Piaget's concrete operational stage, which occurs later in childhood, around age 7 to 11. In the first year, infants are still developing foundational cognitive skills like object permanence.

C. His parents are not perfect: While infants do begin to develop attachments to their caregivers, the understanding that parents are not perfect is a more complex idea that develops later in childhood, typically during the preoperational stage (around age 2 to 7).

D. He is separate from his parents: According to Piaget, during the sensorimotor stage (which includes the first year of life), infants begin to develop a sense of self and recognize that they are separate from their parents. This concept is foundational to the development of object permanence and personal identity.