An outpatient substance abuse clinic provides vouchers to clients who have a negative urine drug screen. This is an example of which of the following?

The correct answer is: C

Choice A reason: Structural family therapy was developed by Salvador Minuchin, not Virginia Satir. It focuses on reorganizing family structures to improve interactions and resolve dysfunction. While influential in family therapy, it is unrelated to Satir’s work.

Choice B reason: Strategic therapy was pioneered by Jay Haley and the Milan Group. It emphasizes problem-solving and directive interventions, often using paradoxical techniques. This approach differs significantly from Satir’s emphasis on emotional expression and self-awareness.

Choice C reason: Experiential therapy, particularly the Satir Transformational Systemic Therapy (STST), was developed by Virginia Satir. Her model emphasizes emotional honesty, self-esteem, and congruent communication. She believed that change occurs through authentic emotional experiences and that individuals possess innate resources for growth. Her work laid the foundation for experiential approaches in family therapy.

Choice D reason: Solution-focused therapy was developed by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg. It centers on identifying solutions rather than exploring problems, using brief interventions and goal-setting. This model is future-oriented and pragmatic, contrasting with Satir’s depth-oriented, emotionally expressive style.

Choice A reason: Self-absorption is more characteristic of adolescent egocentrism, such as the imaginary audience or personal fable, but it is not the defining cognitive feature of the formal operational stage.

Choice B reason: Circular reactions are part of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, where infants repeat actions to explore their environment. This is not relevant to formal operational thinking.

Choice C reason: Hypothetico-deductive thinking is the hallmark of the formal operational stage. It involves the ability to think abstractly, formulate hypotheses, and systematically test them. This stage typically begins around age 11 and enables scientific reasoning and complex problem-solving.

Choice D reason: Syllogistic reasoning is a component of logical thinking but is not the defining feature of the formal operational stage. It may emerge earlier and does not encompass the full scope of abstract reasoning seen in this stage.