_________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.
Interferons
Granzymes
Complement system globulins
Perforins
Pyrogens
The Correct Answer is A
A. Interferons: Interferons are signaling proteins produced by virus-infected cells that warn neighboring cells of infection. They stimulate the production of antiviral proteins in surrounding cells, limiting viral replication and spread, and enhancing the innate immune response.
B. Granzymes: Granzymes are proteolytic enzymes secreted by NK cells and cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in infected or cancerous cells. They act directly on target cells rather than alerting neighboring cells.
C. Complement system globulins: Complement proteins help lyse pathogens and promote opsonization, but they do not act as signaling molecules to warn uninfected cells of viral threats. Their action is primarily destructive, not protective for nearby healthy cells.
D. Perforins: Perforins form pores in target cell membranes to allow granzymes entry. They are involved in direct cytotoxicity and do not provide antiviral signaling to surrounding cells.
E. Pyrogens: Pyrogens induce fever by acting on the hypothalamus and are part of systemic inflammatory responses, but they do not protect neighboring cells from viral infection directly.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Common carotid artery:The carotid artery is often used to assess pulse and circulation to the brain, especially during emergencies, but it is not the standard site for routine blood pressure measurement.
B. Femoral artery:The femoral artery supplies blood to the lower limb and can be used in emergency or surgical settings, but it is not practical for routine noninvasive blood pressure monitoring.
C. Posterior tibial artery:This artery is located near the ankle and is primarily used to assess peripheral circulation, not standard blood pressure measurement, due to its distal location and difficulty in palpation.
D. Brachial artery:The brachial artery, located in the upper arm, is the standard artery for noninvasive blood pressure measurement using a cuff and sphygmomanometer. Its accessibility and proximity to the heart make it ideal for accurately assessing systemic arterial pressure.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. In the center:The heart is not located in the exact midline of the body. Its position is slightly rotated, so the apex does not lie at the center.
B. To the right:The apex of the heart points away from the right side. Most of the right heart structures are positioned more medially and anteriorly.
C. To the left:The apex of the heart points downward, forward, and to the left, typically at the level of the 5th intercostal space in line with the midclavicular line. This leftward orientation is why the apex beat is most easily palpated on the left side of the chest.
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