Asthma is airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance and hypoventilation. Which of the following causes these respiratory changes?
type II alveolar injury and decreased surfactant
alveolar fibrosis and pulmonary edema
mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction and airway edema
thinning of the smooth muscles in the bronchioles
The Correct Answer is C
A. Type II alveolar injury and decreased surfactant: This mechanism is characteristic of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and neonatal respiratory distress, where alveolar collapse occurs due to surfactant deficiency. It does not explain the bronchial obstruction seen in asthma.
B. Alveolar fibrosis and pulmonary edema: These changes are associated with restrictive lung diseases and left-sided heart failure, respectively. While they impair gas exchange, they do not cause the bronchoconstriction, mucus plugging, or airway edema typical of asthma.
C. Mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema: Asthma is marked by hyperresponsiveness of the airways, resulting in excessive mucus production, contraction of bronchial smooth muscles, and inflammatory swelling of the airway lining. These changes increase airflow resistance and lead to hypoventilation, producing wheezing, dyspnea, and coughing.
D. Thinning of the smooth muscles in the bronchioles: Thinning of bronchiolar smooth muscle would reduce airway resistance rather than increase it. Asthma involves hyperactive, thickened, and constricted airway muscles, not thinning, which contributes to obstruction.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Hyperchromic: Hyperchromic erythrocytes have an increased hemoglobin concentration and may appear darker than normal. Red blood cells have a limited ability to become truly hyperchromic, making this finding uncommon. It does not describe cells with reduced hemoglobin content.
B. Hypochromic: Hypochromic erythrocytes contain a decreased concentration of hemoglobin, resulting in a pale appearance with increased central pallor. This finding is commonly associated with disorders of hemoglobin synthesis such as iron deficiency anemia. It directly reflects low hemoglobin concentration within the erythrocytes.
C. Macrocytic: Macrocytic erythrocytes are larger than normal and are typically linked to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. The defining feature is increased cell size rather than hemoglobin concentration. Macrocytosis does not specifically indicate reduced hemoglobin within the cells.
D. Microcytic: Microcytic erythrocytes are smaller than normal and are often seen in iron deficiency anemia or thalassemia. Although these cells may also be hypochromic, the term refers specifically to decreased cell size. It does not directly describe low hemoglobin concentration.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Older age: Aging is a well-established risk factor for hypertension due to decreased arterial elasticity and increased peripheral vascular resistance. Blood vessels stiffen over time, contributing to elevated blood pressure.
B. Obesity: Excess body weight increases cardiac output and peripheral resistance, both of which contribute to the development of hypertension. Adipose tissue also affects hormonal regulation of blood pressure.
C. Alcoholism: Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system and affecting vascular tone. It is a recognized modifiable risk factor for hypertension.
D. High fat diet: While a diet high in saturated fats contributes to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, it is not directly linked to the development of hypertension. Sodium intake and overall caloric excess are more closely associated with blood pressure elevation.
E. Genetics: Family history and genetic predisposition play a significant role in the risk of developing hypertension. Genetic factors can influence vascular tone, renal sodium handling, and hormonal regulation of blood pressure.
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