Catabolism refers to:
Breakdown of molecules to release energy
Building molecules
DNA replication
The Correct Answer is A
A. Breakdown of molecules to release energy: Catabolism involves the enzymatic breakdown of complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into simpler molecules like sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids. This process releases energy, which is captured in the form of ATP to fuel cellular activities, making it a fundamental part of metabolism.
B. Building molecules: The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones is called anabolism, not catabolism. Anabolic processes, such as protein synthesis or glycogen formation, require energy input rather than releasing energy.
C. DNA replication: DNA replication is a specific cellular process that duplicates genetic material for cell division. While it is essential for cell survival, it is not a catabolic process, as it does not involve the breakdown of molecules for energy production.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
In gram-negative bacteria, the cell envelope is a complex structure composed of three main layers: an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane, a periplasmic space, and an outer membrane. The inner membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that regulates transport and energy production. The periplasmic space lies between the inner and outer membranes and contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan along with enzymes involved in nutrient processing and defense. The outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), porins, and other proteins that provide structural support, act as a barrier to certain antibiotics, and contribute to the organism’s pathogenicity.
100 Multiple Choice 0.5 points
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Exoenzymes: Exoenzymes are enzymes secreted by pathogenic microorganisms that help them invade host tissues and obtain nutrients. They can break down host cell components such as proteins, lipids, or connective tissue, facilitating spread within the host. Because they enhance the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, they are considered virulence factors.
B. Endotoxins: Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, specifically lipopolysaccharides (LPS). When released during bacterial cell death or division, they trigger strong immune and inflammatory responses such as fever, shock, and hypotension. Their ability to damage host tissues and disrupt normal physiology makes them important virulence factors.
C. Ribosomes: Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis in all living cells, including bacteria. They translate messenger RNA into proteins necessary for cellular survival and metabolism. Although essential for basic cellular function, ribosomes do not directly contribute to pathogenicity and therefore are not classified as virulence factors.
D. Exotoxins: Exotoxins are potent toxic proteins secreted by certain bacteria during growth and metabolism. They can damage host cells by disrupting normal cellular processes, such as nerve signaling or protein synthesis. Because they directly harm host tissues and contribute to disease severity, exotoxins are major virulence factors.
E. Capsules: Capsules are protective polysaccharide layers surrounding some bacterial cells. They help bacteria evade the host immune system by inhibiting phagocytosis and enhancing bacterial survival in host tissues. This protective function allows pathogens to persist and cause infection, making capsules significant virulence factors.
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