A prokaryotic cell wall that is primarily composed of peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is
gram-negative.
archaea.
a spheroplast.
acid fast.
gram-positive.
The Correct Answer is E
A. gram-negative: Gram-negative bacteria possess a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan compared with gram-positive organisms and lack teichoic and lipoteichoic acids. Instead, their cell walls contain an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), phospholipids, and proteins. The description does not match the structure of gram-negative bacteria.
B. archaea: Archaea differ structurally from bacteria in their cell wall composition. Many archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan entirely and instead contain pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or protein layers known as S-layers. The presence of teichoic acids and a peptidoglycan-rich wall is not characteristic of archaeal cells.
C. a spheroplast: A spheroplast refers to a bacterial cell that has had most or part of its cell wall removed, often through exposure to antibiotics or enzymes such as lysozyme. Because the structural integrity of the peptidoglycan layer is partially lost, the cell becomes more spherical and fragile. This condition does not describe a normal bacterial cell wall composition.
D. acid fast: Acid-fast bacteria, such as species of Mycobacterium, have cell walls containing large amounts of mycolic acids, which are waxy lipids that make the cell wall highly resistant to staining and chemical damage. Their walls contain some peptidoglycan but are dominated by lipid-rich layers rather than teichoic acids, distinguishing them from gram-positive cell walls.
E. gram-positive: Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick, multilayered peptidoglycan cell wall that provides structural rigidity and protection. Embedded within this thick peptidoglycan matrix are teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids, which contribute to cell wall stability, ion transport, and adherence. This structural composition is the defining feature that allows gram-positive bacteria to retain crystal violet stain during Gram staining.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. antisepsis: Antisepsis refers to the application of chemical agents, known as antiseptics, directly to living tissues to destroy or inhibit the growth of vegetative pathogens. Common antiseptics include alcohols, iodine preparations, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide. These agents are widely used before injections, surgical procedures, and wound care to reduce microbial load and prevent infection.
B. sanitization: Sanitization involves reducing the number of microorganisms on inanimate objects to levels considered safe according to public health standards. This process is commonly used in food preparation areas, restaurants, and public facilities. It does not necessarily destroy all vegetative pathogens and is not intended for use on living tissues.
C. sterilization: Sterilization is the complete elimination of all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores, viruses, fungi, and vegetative cells. Methods such as autoclaving, dry heat, radiation, and certain chemical sterilants are used for medical instruments and laboratory materials. Sterilization methods are extremely harsh and are not applied to living tissues.
D. disinfection: Disinfection involves the use of chemical or physical agents to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects such as medical equipment, countertops, and hospital surfaces. While effective against many microorganisms, disinfectants are typically too toxic or irritating to be used safely on living tissues.
E. degermation: Degermation refers to the mechanical removal of microorganisms from a limited area, usually through physical actions such as scrubbing or washing. While it reduces microbial numbers, it primarily involves mechanical removal rather than the direct chemical destruction of pathogens.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Upon inoculation into a new culture, bacteria do not immediately enter exponential growth. Initially, they enter the lag phase, a period of metabolic adjustment where cells synthesize necessary enzymes, repair cellular components, and adapt to the new environment. During this phase, there is little to no increase in cell number, but metabolic activity is high. Only after this adaptation period do the bacteria enter the logarithmic (exponential) phase, where rapid cell division occurs. The length of the lag phase depends on factors such as the physiological state of the inoculum, nutrient availability, and environmental conditions.
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