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_________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

A.

IgG

B.

IgD

C.

IgM

D.

IgE

E.

IgA

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. IgG: IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in plasma, making up approximately 70–80% of circulating antibodies. It provides long-term immunity following infection or vaccination, can cross the placenta to confer passive immunity to the fetus, and is highly effective in opsonization and complement activation.

B. IgD: IgD is present in very low concentrations in the blood and mainly functions as a receptor on immature B cells. It does not constitute a significant portion of circulating antibodies.

C. IgM: IgM is the first antibody produced in an initial immune response and is primarily found in the bloodstream. While important for early defense, it only represents a small fraction of total plasma antibodies compared to IgG.

D. IgE: IgE is involved in allergic responses and defense against parasitic infections, but its plasma concentration is extremely low, making up a negligible portion of circulating antibodies.

E. IgA: IgA is mainly found in mucosal secretions, breast milk, and tears, providing local immunity rather than constituting the majority of plasma antibodies. Its systemic levels are much lower than IgG.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is E

Explanation

A. Anti-B antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient:Type AB blood does not have anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Therefore, the donor’s plasma will not cause agglutination in the recipient.

B. Anti-A antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient:Similarly, type AB blood lacks anti-A antibodies, so this is not the cause of incompatibility.

C. Anti-A antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor:Type A, Rh-positive recipients produce anti-B antibodies. Anti-A antibodies are not involved in reacting to type AB donor cells, so this is incorrect.

D. Anti-D antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient:Rh-negative donors do not have anti-D antibodies in their plasma because they have not been sensitized. Therefore, anti-D from the donor is not the problem.

E. Anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor:Type A, Rh-positive recipients naturally have anti-B antibodies in their plasma. When they receive type AB blood, the donor RBCs carry B antigens, which react with the recipient’s anti-B antibodies, causing agglutination and making the transfusion incompatible.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Small-cell carcinoma:Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is the least common type of lung cancer but is highly aggressive. It grows rapidly, often metastasizes early, and is strongly associated with smoking. Its prognosis is generally poor due to late detection and rapid progression.

B. Adenocarcinoma:Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer, especially in non-smokers. Although serious, it typically progresses more slowly than small-cell carcinoma and has a better prognosis when detected early.

C. Squamous cell carcinoma:Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the bronchial epithelium and is often linked to smoking. It is more common than small-cell carcinoma and tends to grow more slowly, making it less immediately dangerous.

D. Mesothelioma:Mesothelioma is a rare cancer of the pleura, primarily caused by asbestos exposure. While deadly, it is not classified as a primary lung carcinoma and is less common than SCLC.

E. Basal cell carcinoma:Basal cell carcinoma is a skin cancer and does not originate in the lungs. It is not relevant to pulmonary malignancies.

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