Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish _________from foreign antigens.
self-antigens
self-complement proteins
self-antibodies
self-immunoglobulins
self-interleukins
The Correct Answer is A
A. Self-antigens: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly recognizes the body’s own proteins, or self-antigens, as foreign. This leads to an immune response against the body’s own tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
B. Self-complement proteins: Complement proteins are part of the immune system that help destroy pathogens. Autoimmunity involves targeting self-antigens, not complement proteins, although complement may be involved secondarily in tissue damage.
C. Self-antibodies: Antibodies are produced by B cells. In autoimmune diseases, antibodies may target self-antigens, but the primary issue is the immune system failing to recognize self-antigens, not the antibodies themselves.
D. Self-immunoglobulins: Immunoglobulins are antibodies; autoimmunity involves antibodies targeting self-antigens, not the body’s own immunoglobulins. Self-immunoglobulins are not the trigger of autoimmune disorders.
E. Self-interleukins: Interleukins are signaling molecules for immune communication. Autoimmune diseases are not caused by the immune system attacking interleukins, but rather by a failure to distinguish self-antigens from foreign antigens.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. IgE:IgE is primarily involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections. It is present in very low concentrations in plasma compared to other antibody classes.
B. IgM:IgM is the first antibody produced during a primary immune response. Although effective in agglutination and complement activation, it is less abundant in plasma than IgG.
C. IgG:IgG is the most abundant antibody in plasma, accounting for about 75–80% of circulating antibodies. It provides long-term immunity after infection or vaccination and can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus.
D. IgA:IgA is mainly found in mucosal secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk. Its plasma concentration is lower than IgG, making it less abundant in the bloodstream.
E. IgD:IgD is present in very low concentrations in plasma and primarily functions as a receptor on immature B cells rather than providing systemic immunity.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Blood vessel diameter:Vessel diameter has the greatest influence on blood flow resistance because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius. Small changes in diameter, especially in arterioles, can dramatically increase or decrease resistance, making it the most significant factor.
B. Blood vessel type:While different types of vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins) have structural differences, the type itself does not directly determine resistance as much as the diameter within those vessels.
C. Blood viscosity:Blood viscosity affects resistance, with thicker blood increasing friction. However, normal physiological variations in viscosity are relatively minor compared with the impact of changes in vessel diameter.
D. Total blood vessel length:Longer vessels contribute to higher resistance, but vessel length is generally constant in adults. Therefore, its effect on resistance is less significant than diameter, which can change dynamically through vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
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