Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish _________from foreign antigens.
self-antigens
self-complement proteins
self-antibodies
self-immunoglobulins
self-interleukins
The Correct Answer is A
A. Self-antigens: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly recognizes the body’s own proteins, or self-antigens, as foreign. This leads to an immune response against the body’s own tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
B. Self-complement proteins: Complement proteins are part of the immune system that help destroy pathogens. Autoimmunity involves targeting self-antigens, not complement proteins, although complement may be involved secondarily in tissue damage.
C. Self-antibodies: Antibodies are produced by B cells. In autoimmune diseases, antibodies may target self-antigens, but the primary issue is the immune system failing to recognize self-antigens, not the antibodies themselves.
D. Self-immunoglobulins: Immunoglobulins are antibodies; autoimmunity involves antibodies targeting self-antigens, not the body’s own immunoglobulins. Self-immunoglobulins are not the trigger of autoimmune disorders.
E. Self-interleukins: Interleukins are signaling molecules for immune communication. Autoimmune diseases are not caused by the immune system attacking interleukins, but rather by a failure to distinguish self-antigens from foreign antigens.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Vessel radius increases:Increasing the radius of a blood vessel reduces resistance and allows blood to flow more easily. According to Poiseuille’s law, a larger radius increases flow velocity, so this does not decrease velocity.
B. Afterload increases:Afterload is the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood. An increase in afterload slows the ejection of blood from the ventricles, reducing the velocity of blood flow through the arterial system.
C. Blood pressure increases:Higher blood pressure creates a greater driving force for blood, which generally increases flow velocity rather than decreasing it.
D. Vasomotion decreases:Vasomotion refers to the rhythmic constriction and dilation of arterioles. A decrease in vasomotion may reduce perfusion regulation but does not directly decrease velocity in large vessels as significantly as an increase in afterload does.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Cytokines:Cytokines are signaling molecules secreted by various immune cells to coordinate immune responses. While NK cells do secrete cytokines to activate other immune cells, cytokines themselves are not the enzymes that directly kill target cells.
B. Interferons:Interferons are proteins released by virus-infected cells that help inhibit viral replication and activate immune responses. They do not directly destroy target cells and are not classified as enzymes secreted by NK cells.
C. Selectins:Selectins are adhesion molecules that mediate the rolling of leukocytes along blood vessel walls during inflammation. They are unrelated to NK cell cytotoxic activity and do not function as killing enzymes.
D. Granzymes and perforins:NK cells secrete granzymes and perforins to induce apoptosis in virus-infected or abnormal cells. Perforins form pores in the target cell membrane, allowing granzymes to enter and trigger programmed cell death, providing a rapid innate immune defense.
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