Four to five
The Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"C"}
A. Nephrons: These are microscopic functional units that drain into collecting ducts rather than merging directly into macroscopic calyces. There are approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney, far exceeding the count associated with calyx formation. They contribute to filtrate production but do not form the gross pelvic structure.
B. Collecting ducts: These tubules transport final urine from multiple nephrons toward the renal papillae at the apex of the pyramids. While they converge at the papillary ducts, they do not directly merge to form major calyces. They represent the microscopic end of the urinary tract system.
C. Minor calyces: These cup-like structures receive urine directly from the renal papillae of individual pyramids. The convergence of several minor calyces creates the larger major calyces, which then lead to the renal pelvis. This reflects the standard hierarchical organization of the renal collecting system.
D. Renal pyramids: These conical structures within the medulla contain the loops of Henle and collecting ducts. While their tips (papillae) drain into minor calyces, the pyramids themselves are tissue masses rather than merging conduits. The merging of calyces involves the hollow conducting structures, not the medullary parenchyma.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. True: Semi-permeable membranes utilize pore size to selectively allow the passage of small solutes while restricting larger moieties. In renal physiology, the glomerular basement membrane effectively bars erythrocytes and high-molecular-weight plasma proteins. This experimental model accurately simulates the mechanical filtration barriers of the nephron.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. It inhibits bladder contraction during filling: Inhibition of the voiding reflex is managed by the storage center and higher cortical structures. The pontine micturition center (PMC) acts as the "on switch" for urination. It receives signals to initiate the voiding cycle once a threshold is reached.
B. It coordinates relaxation of the urethral sphincter and contraction of the detrusor muscle during voiding: The PMC, or Barrington’s nucleus, acts as the primary relay for the micturition reflex. It sends descending signals that simultaneously activate parasympathetic outflow and inhibit sympathetic/somatic tone. This ensures the bladder contracts while the outflow tract remains open.
C. It stimulates sympathetic activity to keep the bladder relaxed: Sympathetic dominance is a feature of the storage phase, controlled by the pontine storage center and spinal centers. The PMC is specifically designed to suppress sympathetic activity to allow micturition. It opposes the storage mechanisms to facilitate bladder emptying.
D. It regulates sodium reabsorption in the kidney: The PMC is a neurological control center in the brainstem dedicated to the lower urinary tract. It has no direct involvement in the biochemical or hormonal processes of the kidney. Sodium regulation is managed by the JGA and endocrine axes.
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