How do tumors cause pain in the body?
Reduction of core body temperature
Parasympathetic nervous system activation
Inflammation causes nerve irritation
Release of increased serotonin
The Correct Answer is C
Rationale:
A. Tumors do not typically cause pain by lowering body temperature. Changes in core temperature are generally systemic effects, not direct causes of pain.
B. Parasympathetic activation generally reduces heart rate and promotes rest-and-digest activities. Pain associated with tumors is not caused by parasympathetic nervous system activity.
C. Tumors can cause pain primarily through local tissue inflammation, which irritates nearby nerves. Tumor growth can also lead to compression of nerves, blood vessels, or organs, increasing pain intensity. Additionally, inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, bradykinin, and cytokines sensitize nerve endings, contributing to nociceptive pain. This mechanism is common in both benign and malignant tumors, though malignant tumors often cause more intense pain due to rapid growth and tissue invasion.
D. While serotonin plays a role in mood regulation and some pain pathways, tumor-related pain is not primarily caused by increased serotonin release. The main contributors are inflammation, nerve compression, and tissue invasion.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. While HIV can eventually lead to neurologic complications (HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders) due to indirect effects, its primary pathophysiology is not direct stimulation or infection of nerve cells.
B. HIV primarily targets CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes, which play a central role in coordinating the immune response. The virus binds to the CD4 receptor and a co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4), enters the cell, and replicates, eventually leading to cell death. The progressive loss of CD4+ cells results in immunodeficiency, leaving the person vulnerable to opportunistic infections, cancers, and systemic complications. This mechanism defines the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
C. HIV does not directly target red blood cells. Anemia in HIV patients may occur secondarily due to chronic disease, opportunistic infections, or medications, but it is not part of the primary pathophysiologic mechanism.
D. HIV does not stimulate bone marrow activity. In fact, HIV and its treatments can suppress bone marrow function, contributing to cytopenias.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is a type I hypersensitivity reaction, which is IgE-mediated. It occurs when allergens trigger histamine release from mast cells, causing sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion.
B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type III hypersensitivity reaction, characterized by the formation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that deposit in tissues such as the kidneys, joints, skin, and blood vessels. These complexes trigger inflammation and tissue damage through complement activation and recruitment of inflammatory cells. Common manifestations include arthritis, nephritis, rashes, and vasculitis.
C. Poison ivy causes a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, also called a delayed-type hypersensitivity, which is cell-mediated rather than antibody-mediated. The reaction occurs 24–72 hours after exposure and involves T lymphocytes responding to the allergen.
D. Acute hemolytic blood transfusion reactions are type II hypersensitivity reactions, which are antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions. Preformed antibodies bind to donor red blood cells, leading to cell lysis and hemolysis.
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