How does hypo-osmolarity lead to problems such as edema or cell rupture in the body?
It causes water to move out of cells, shrinking them
It increases vascular resistance, raising blood pressure
It causes water to move into cells, swelling and possible rupture
It enhances sodium retention, preventing edema
The Correct Answer is C
A. It causes water to move out of cells, shrinking them: This occurs in a hyper-osmolar environment, where the high concentration of extracellular solutes draws water out via osmosis. Hypo-osmolarity involves a lower solute concentration outside the cell. The osmotic pressure gradient would favor influx, not efflux.
B. It increases vascular resistance, raising blood pressure: Hypo-osmolarity is often associated with fluid overload, but it does not directly cause vasoconstriction. In many cases, it is linked to low sodium levels which can impair vascular tone. It primarily affects fluid distribution rather than active vessel resistance.
C. It causes water to move into cells, swelling and possible rupture: In a hypo-osmolar state, the intracellular fluid has a higher solute concentration than the surrounding plasma. Water moves down its osmotic gradient into the cells to achieve equilibrium. This cellular edema can lead to lysis and organ dysfunction.
D. It enhances sodium retention, preventing edema: Hypo-osmolarity typically triggers mechanisms to excrete water or retain sodium to restore balance. However, if the condition persists, the low osmotic pressure in the blood allows fluid to leak into the interstitial spaces. This results in the formation of edema.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Reduced blood pressure: While a significant loss of fluid through high GFR can eventually lower blood volume, an increase in GFR is often a result of high blood pressure. High GFR itself does not immediately reduce pressure through a primary mechanism. It is a consequence of hemodynamics rather than a cause.
B. No change in urine volume: Renal physiology dictates that an increase in the filtered load typically results in a higher volume of fluid entering the tubules. Unless tubular reabsorption increases proportionally, the final urine volume must change. The volume of filtrate directly influences the volume of the end product.
C. Decreased urine production: This would only occur if the tubular reabsorption rates significantly exceeded the increased rate of filtration at the glomerulus. Under standard physiological conditions, a higher GFR provides more substrate for excretion. Decreased production is associated with low GFR or high ADH levels.
D. Increased urine production: A higher GFR elevates the volume of ultrafiltrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule each minute. This overwhelms the standard reabsorptive capacity of the nephrons, leading to a greater volume of fluid reaching the collecting ducts. Consequently, the total daily urine output increases significantly.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
B. False: The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is named for its highly coiled and tortuous path through the renal cortex. This morphology increases the surface area and residence time for the reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients. A straight path would be described as "rectus," not convoluted.
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