Which nervous system division is responsible for keeping the bladder relaxed during filling?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
The Correct Answer is B
A. Parasympathetic nervous system: This division is responsible for micturition by stimulating the contraction of the detrusor muscle via muscarinic receptors. It is active during the voiding phase rather than the storage phase. It facilitates bladder emptying by increasing intravesical pressure.
B. Sympathetic nervous system: During the filling phase, sympathetic fibers from the hypogastric nerve release norepinephrine to stimulate beta-3 receptors in the detrusor. This causes muscle relaxation to accommodate increasing volumes of urine. It simultaneously stimulates alpha-1 receptors to maintain internal sphincter closure.
C. Somatic nervous system: This system provides voluntary control over the external urethral sphincter via the pudendal nerve. While it helps prevent leakage by keeping the sphincter contracted, it does not regulate the relaxation of the detrusor muscle. Its role is strictly related to skeletal muscle control.
D. Enteric nervous system: This intrinsic nervous system is dedicated to the regulation of gastrointestinal motility and secretion. It operates independently of the urinary tract and has no functional role in bladder filling or voiding. Urinary control is managed by the autonomic and somatic systems.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Ureteral sphincter: There is no distinct anatomical sphincter muscle located at the junction of the ureter and the bladder. The prevention of reflux relies on the mechanical compression of the ureteral wall rather than a circular muscle. True sphincters are found at the bladder neck and urogenital diaphragm.
B. Vesicourethral junction: This term refers to the anatomical site where the bladder neck meets the proximal portion of the urethra. It is located at the inferior aspect of the bladder, distal to the ureteral entry points. It does not facilitate the prevention of vesicoureteral reflux.
C. Trigone: This is a stationary triangular region of the bladder base defined by the two ureteral orifices and the urethral opening. While it contains the openings, the term describes the topographical area rather than the valve mechanism itself. It does not possess a physiological one-way valve function.
D. Ureterovesical valve: The intramural portion of the ureter is compressed by the detrusor muscle during bladder contraction and filling. This physiological arrangement prevents the retrograde flow of urine toward the kidneys, protecting the upper urinary tract. It functions as a passive flap-valve mechanism during micturition.
Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"A"}
Explanation
A. Apical: The apical membrane, or mucosal surface, contains the microvilli (brush border) that extend into the lumen. This surface is specialized for the initial transport of solutes from the filtrate into the epithelial cell. It is the primary site for nutrient and ion recovery.
B. Lateral: These surfaces are located between adjacent epithelial cells and contain junctional complexes like tight junctions. They regulate the paracellular movement of water and ions but do not directly face the lumen. They maintain the structural integrity and polarity of the tubule.
C. Interstitial: This refers to the space surrounding the exterior of the tubule, which contains the peritubular fluid and capillaries. It is the destination for reabsorbed substances but does not contact the primary filtrate. It is separated from the lumen by the epithelial barrier.
D. Basal: The basal membrane sits on the basement membrane and faces the interstitial space and blood vessels. It contains transporters like the Na+/K+ ATPase pump that move solutes out of the cell toward the blood. It is the opposite side of the apical surface.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.