In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
antibody
interferon
complement
antigen
The Correct Answer is D
A. Antibody: Antibodies are produced by B cells after activation and clonal expansion. They do not determine which B cells will be selected; instead, they are the end product of the immune response.
B. Interferon: Interferons are signaling proteins that help modulate the immune response, particularly against viral infections. They do not directly influence the selection of B cells for clonal expansion.
C. Complement: The complement system enhances pathogen destruction and inflammation but does not select specific B cells for cloning. Its role is part of innate immunity, not clonal selection.
D. Antigen: Antigens bind to specific B cell receptors, selecting which B cells will proliferate. Only B cells whose receptors recognize the antigen undergo clonal expansion, differentiating into plasma cells and memory B cells, which ensures a targeted adaptive immune response.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Opsonization:Opsonization is the process by which antibodies and complement proteins coat a pathogen, enhancing recognition and binding by phagocytes. This coating increases the efficiency of phagocytosis and helps eliminate the microorganism.
B. Agglutination:Agglutination occurs when antibodies bind multiple antigens together, causing clumping of pathogens. While it helps contain infections, it does not directly facilitate phagocytosis in the same way opsonization does.
C. Chemotaxis:Chemotaxis refers to the directed movement of immune cells toward a site of infection or tissue damage, guided by chemical signals. It does not involve coating pathogens for phagocytosis.
D. Diapedesis:Diapedesis is the process by which leukocytes squeeze through capillary walls to reach infected tissues. It facilitates immune cell migration but is not the mechanism by which pathogens are marked for phagocytosis.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Pulmonary trunk:The pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. It does not contain oxygenated blood at any point before reaching the pulmonary circulation.
B. Lobar arteries:Lobar arteries are branches of the pulmonary arteries that also carry deoxygenated blood to specific lobes of the lungs. Their role is in transporting blood to the lungs, not returning oxygenated blood.
C. Pulmonary veins:Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart. They are unique among veins in that they transport oxygen-rich blood rather than deoxygenated blood, making them the correct choice.
D. Pulmonary arteries:Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle toward the lungs. Despite being arteries, they do not carry oxygenated blood, as their function is to deliver blood for gas exchange.
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