In males, the section of the urethra between the proximal and terminal portions is lined with
The Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"B"}
A. Simple cuboidal: This single layer of cube-shaped cells is found in glandular tissues and renal tubules for secretion and absorption. It lacks the stratified or multi-layered complexity required to protect the urethral lumen from mechanical and chemical stress. It is not found in the male conducting urethra.
B. Pseudostratified columnar: Most of the male urethra, specifically the prostatic, membranous, and spongy segments, is lined with this epithelial type. It provides a protective layer that can accommodate the passage of both urine and semen. It represents the histological transition between the bladder and the distal orifice.
C. Transitional: This epithelium is restricted to the proximal portion of the male urethra near the internal urethral orifice and the bladder neck. As the urethra progresses distally through the prostate and penis, the histology changes to a non-distensible type. It does not line the mid or distal sections.
D. Keratinized stratified squamous: This tissue is the primary constituent of the epidermis and provides a dry, waterproof barrier for the skin. While the distal external meatus is lined with non-keratinized squamous cells, the internal segments lack keratin. Keratinization in the urethra would be considered a pathological metaplasia.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Complement proteins: In conditions like glomerulonephritis, immune complexes deposit in the glomerular basement membrane and trigger the complement cascade. This activation leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the formation of membrane attack complexes. This results in significant tissue destruction and loss of filtration.
B. Insulin: This hormone is a peptide involved in glucose regulation and does not participate in the inflammatory or immunological destruction of renal tissue. It is filtered and partially degraded by the kidneys but does not trigger immune-mediated damage. It lacks pro-inflammatory effector functions.
C. Hemoglobin: While free hemoglobin can be toxic to renal tubular cells during massive hemolysis, it is not the protein activated by immune complexes to cause glomerular damage. Hemoglobin's primary role is oxygen transport. Its renal toxicity is usually pigment-induced acute tubular necrosis.
D. Albumin: This is the primary plasma protein that the kidney seeks to conserve. While the loss of albumin (albuminuria) is a sign of glomerular damage, the protein itself does not act as an effector of immune-mediated injury. It is a marker of damage, not the cause.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Elastin: This protein provides elasticity to tissues like the lungs and large arteries but is not a primary component of the glomerular basement membrane. The filtration barrier requires structural integrity and a negative charge rather than significant elastic recoil. It is not the dominant structural protein in this location.
B. Phospholipids: These molecules are the primary constituents of cellular plasma membranes and lipid bilayers. While present in the cells of the podocytes and endothelium, they do not form the extracellular matrix of the basement membrane. The basement membrane is an acellular meshwork of fibrous proteins.
C. Collagen fibers: Specifically, Type 4 collagen forms the structural backbone of the glomerular basement membrane. This collagenous meshwork, combined with heparan sulfate proteoglycans, creates the size-selective and charge-selective barrier necessary for renal filtration. It provides the mechanical strength required to withstand high hydrostatic pressures.
D. Myosin: This is a contractile protein found within muscle cells and the cytoskeleton of some specialized cells like mesangial cells. It is not an extracellular structural component of the basement membrane. The basement membrane functions as a passive physical filter rather than a contractile structure.
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