Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is all of the following except? (Select all that apply, one, some or all)

A. Ketamine does not allow patients to remember their surgical experience. On the contrary, it produces amnesia, so patients typically have little to no recollection of the procedure. This amnesic effect is an important component of its anesthetic action.

B. Ketamine is not simply a paralytic. While it may reduce movement, it provides both anesthesia and analgesia, meaning it relieves pain as well as inducing a trance-like, unconscious state. It is not a drug that merely immobilizes the patient.

C. Ketamine is classified as a dissociative anesthetic, which means it induces a trance-like state in which the patient feels detached from their body and environment. This dissociation allows surgical procedures to be performed while the patient is unaware of pain and has a sense of separation from what is happening. Unlike some other anesthetics, ketamine maintains protective airway reflexes, spontaneous breathing, and cardiovascular stability, making it especially useful in emergency settings, pediatric procedures, or in patients with unstable cardiovascular status. The unique dissociative properties also make it useful for short procedures and sedation outside of the operating room.

D. Ketamine does not allow patients to move freely in a controlled manner during surgery. While some reflexive movementsmay occur, the patient is generally unresponsive to painful stimuliand unaware of the procedure due to the dissociative anesthesia and analgesia.

A. The patient’s signs and symptoms—hyperthermia, tachycardia, warm moist skin, nervousness, intolerance to heat, and exophthalmos (protuberant eyes)—are classic features of Grave’s disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism. Early recognition is critical because uncontrolled hyperthyroidism can lead to thyroid storm, a life-threatening complication.

B. Plummer’s disease(toxic multinodular goiter) also causes hyperthyroidism but typically does not cause exophthalmosor other autoimmune-related symptoms seen in Graves’ disease. Patients are usually older and have nodular thyroid enlargement rather than diffuse goiter.

C. Myxedemais associated with severe hypothyroidism, which presents with cold intolerance, bradycardia, fatigue, dry skin, and edema, the opposite of the patient’s presentation.

D. Cretinismis congenital hypothyroidismseen in infants and children, characterized by stunted growth, intellectual disability, and coarse facial features. This does not match the adult patient’s acute hyperthyroid symptoms.