Plasma membrane receptors that allow cells to recognize each other for normal development and immunity are functioning in _________ signaling.
contact
chemical
The Correct Answer is A
A. Contact: Contact signaling involves direct physical interaction between cell surface receptors and ligands on adjacent cells. This allows cells to recognize one another, which is crucial for tissue development, immune responses, and maintaining cellular organization.
B. Chemical: Chemical signaling involves the release of signaling molecules (like hormones or neurotransmitters) that travel to target cells, often over a distance. While important, it does not involve direct cell-to-cell recognition as contact signaling does.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates intracellular transport, but it is not directly responsible for generating the energy required for continuous muscle contraction.
B. Lysosomes: Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down cellular waste and damaged organelles. They do not produce the ATP needed for sustained cardiac muscle activity.
C. Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the cell’s powerhouses, producing ATP through aerobic respiration. Cardiac muscle cells require high energy for rhythmic contractions, so they contain a large number of mitochondria to meet these energy demands.
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and calcium storage in some cells, but it is not the primary organelle for energy production needed for continuous contraction in myocardium.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Chloride ions: Chloride ions help stabilize the membrane potential by balancing charges, but they move passively along gradients set by other ions. Since chloride permeability is not the dominant factor at rest, they do not primarily determine the resting membrane potential.
B. Calcium ions: Calcium concentration is kept very low inside cells compared to outside. Its main role is in processes like muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release, rather than in establishing the electrical gradient at rest, so it contributes little to resting potential.
C. Potassium ions: Potassium ions are the major determinant of resting membrane potential because the membrane is most permeable to potassium at rest. Efflux of potassium through leak channels leaves the inside more negative, making it the primary driver of resting potential.
D. Sodium ions: Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the cell and tend to diffuse inward, but the membrane has low sodium permeability at rest. Although sodium influx is important during depolarization, it is not the chief factor in establishing resting membrane potential.
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