Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by
Pasteur.
Lister.
Koch.
Wasserman.
Semmelweis
The Correct Answer is C
A. Pasteur: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation and spoilage, supporting the germ theory of disease. He developed vaccines for diseases like rabies and anthrax, but he did not formally establish the experimental criteria proving that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
B. Lister: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgical techniques using carbolic acid to reduce postoperative infections. His work applied germ theory to clinical practice but did not provide the experimental proof linking individual microbes to specific diseases.
C. Koch: Robert Koch formulated Koch’s postulates, a set of criteria that provide experimental proof that a particular microorganism causes a specific disease. By isolating the microbe, reproducing the disease in a susceptible host, and re-isolating the same organism, he established causation.
D. Wasserman: August von Wasserman developed the Wasserman test for syphilis, a diagnostic tool for detecting infection. While important in serology, his work did not establish causation between microbes and disease.
E. Semmelweis: Ignaz Semmelweis advocated hand hygiene to reduce puerperal fever in obstetric clinics. His observations linked contaminated hands to disease transmission, but he did not experimentally prove that a specific microorganism caused a specific disease.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having a true nucleus, which houses the cell’s genetic material enclosed within a nuclear membrane. In addition, they contain various membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, each performing specialized cellular functions. This organization allows compartmentalization of metabolic processes, efficient energy production, and regulated protein synthesis. In contrast, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with DNA located in a nucleoid region. The presence of these features distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes and is fundamental to understanding their structural and functional complexity.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. All viruses are released exclusively through host cell apoptosis: Viral release mechanisms vary depending on the type of virus. While some infections may induce apoptosis, this is not the universal mechanism of viral release. Many viruses use lysis or budding rather than programmed cell death.
B. Non-enveloped viruses exit the host cell by exocytosis: Non-enveloped viruses typically lack a lipid membrane and are most commonly released through host cell lysis. Lysis disrupts the plasma membrane, allowing viral particles to escape. Exocytosis is more characteristic of enveloped viruses.
C. Enveloped viruses are released only after host cell lysis: Enveloped viruses generally acquire their lipid envelope by budding through the host cell membrane. This process allows viral release without immediate destruction of the host cell, unlike lysis.
D. Release occurs through budding in enveloped viruses or cell lysis in non-enveloped viruses: Enveloped viruses exit by budding through the host cell membrane, incorporating host-derived lipids into their envelope. Non-enveloped viruses are released through lysis, which ruptures the host cell and releases mature virions.
E. Viral release requires active transport through nuclear pores: Nuclear pores are involved in transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm, particularly for viruses that replicate in the nucleus. However, viral release from the cell occurs at the plasma membrane or through cell lysis, not via nuclear pores.
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