The antidote to warfarin toxicity is what?
Vitamin B12.
Vitamin K.
Calcium gluconate.
Protamine sulfate
The Correct Answer is B
Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin toxicity because it can reverse the effects of warfarin by restoring the clotting factors. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that activates vitamin K in the body. Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of active coagulation factors, such as II, VII, IX and X. By blocking vitamin K, warfarin reduces the blood’s clotting activity and prevents the formation of blood clots.
Choice A is wrong because vitamin B12 is not involved in the coagulation cascade. Vitamin B12 is mainly involved in DNA synthesis, red blood cell production and nerve function.
Choice C is wrong because calcium gluconate is not an antidote for warfarin toxicity. Calcium gluconate is used to treat low blood calcium levels or hypocalcemia. Calcium is also a cofactor for some coagulation factors, but it does not reverse the effects of warfarin.
Choice D is wrong because protamine sulfate is not an antidote for warfarin toxicity.
Protamine sulfate is used to reverse the effects of heparin, another type of anticoagulant that works by inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa.
Protamine sulfate does not affect the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors that are inhibited by warfarin.
Normal ranges for coagulation tests that are affected by warfarin are:
• Prothrombin time (PT): 11 to 13.5 seconds
• International normalized ratio (INR): 0.8 to 1.2
• Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT): 25 to 35 seconds
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Erectile dysfunction drugs should not be used when a patient is taking nitrates.This is because both types of drugs cause blood vessels to dilate, which can lead to a dangerous drop in blood pressure. This can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke or fainting.
Choice B is wrong because alpha-adrenergic blockers are sometimes used together with nitrates to treat high blood pressure and angina. They work by relaxing the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure and improves blood flow.
Choice C is wrong because calcium channel blockers are also used to treat high blood pressure and angina. They work by blocking the entry of calcium into the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels, which reduces the force of contraction and relaxes the blood vessels.
Choice D is wrong because beta-adrenergic blockers are another class of drugs that can be used with nitrates to treat high blood pressure and angina. They work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels, which slows down the heart rate and lowers blood pressure.
Normal ranges for blood pressure vary depending on age, gender and other factors, but generally they are between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg for healthy adults.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Lisinopril belongs to the class of drugs calledangiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.ACE inhibitors work by blocking the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to narrow and raise blood pressure.By inhibiting this enzyme, ACE inhibitors relax and widen the blood vessels, lower blood pressure, and improve blood flow to the heart and kidneys.
Choice B.Candesartan is wrong because it belongs to the class of drugs calledangiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).ARBs work by blocking the action of angiotensin II on its receptors, preventing it from causing blood vessel constriction and high blood pressure.ARBs are similar to ACE inhibitors in their effects, but they do not affect the enzyme or the level of bradykinin, a peptide that can cause cough and angioedema as side effects of ACE inhibitors.
Choice C.Metoprolol is wrong because it belongs to the class of drugs calledbeta blockers.Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline and other hormones that stimulate the heart and blood vessels, causing them to beat slower and with less force.Beta blockers lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart.
Choice D.Amlodipine is wrong because it belongs to the class of drugs calledcalcium channel blockers.Calcium channel blockers work by blocking the entry of calcium into the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels, causing them to relax and dilate.Calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure and improve blood flow to the heart.
Normal ranges for blood pressure vary depending on age, gender, and other factors, but generally, a systolic blood pressure (the top number) of less than 120 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) of less than 80 mmHg are considered normal for adults.A blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg or higher is considered high and may require treatment with medication.
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