The Bainbridge reflex helps maintain homeostasis by increasing heart rate to ensure that the increased blood volume is pumped out of the heart.
True
False
The Correct Answer is A
Correct answer: True
The Bainbridge reflex is a physiological response mediated by stretch receptors located in the walls of the right atrium and the venae cavae. When venous return increases, atrial stretch stimulates these proprioceptive receptors, sending signals via the vagus nerve to the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata. In response, sympathetic activity to the sinoatrial node increases, resulting in an elevated heart rate. This reflex helps maintain homeostasis by ensuring that the increased blood volume returning to the heart is effectively ejected, preventing venous congestion and optimizing cardiac output.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Correct answer: False
The atrioventricular (AV) node, located in the lower portion of the interatrial septum near the tricuspid valve, functions as a critical electrical relay between the atria and ventricles. While the SA node sets the normal heart rhythm, the AV node limits the number of impulses transmitted to the ventricles, providing a protective delay that allows adequate ventricular filling. Under extreme SA node stimulation, impulses exceeding 220 per minute can overwhelm the AV node, resulting in ineffective ventricular contractions, reduced cardiac output, and compromised heart function. The AV node’s intrinsic conduction limits are essential for maintaining coordinated and efficient cardiac performance.
Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"A","dropdown-group-2":"B","dropdown-group-3":"C"}
Explanation
Correct answer:
- J: Pulmonary veins
- G: Right ventricle
- D: Pulmonary trunk
J: Pulmonary veins- Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. Normally, there are four pulmonary veins—two from each lung. They enter the posterior aspect of the left atrium and play a vital role in systemic circulation by delivering oxygenated blood for distribution throughout the body.
G: Right ventricle- The right ventricle is the lower right chamber of the heart responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. It receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and ejects it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve. It generates enough pressure to move blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.
D: Pulmonary trunk- The pulmonary trunk is a large artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. It begins at the pulmonary valve and extends upward before dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries. It is located anterior to the ascending aorta and it transports blood to the lungs for gas exchange.
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