The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is
protein-regulated diffusion
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
the ionic electrochemical gradient
The Correct Answer is B
A. protein-regulated diffusion. Large plasma proteins like albumin are too big to pass through the filtration membrane and remain in the capillaries. They actually create a colloid osmotic pressure that pulls water back into the blood, opposing filtration. Diffusion is a passive movement of solutes, not the primary mechanical force driving the high-volume ultrafiltration of plasma.
B. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure). This is the blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries, which is typically much higher than in other capillary beds due to the high-resistance efferent arteriole. It serves as the dominant outward force that physically pushes water and small solutes through the filtration slits. It is the fundamental driver of the glomerular filtration rate.
C. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries. The fenestrations and filtration slits determine the permeability and selectivity of the filter, essentially acting as a sieve. While these pores permit the passage of substances, they do not provide the energy or force to move them. They represent a physical constraint on what can pass rather than a driving force.
D. the ionic electrochemical gradient. Electrochemical gradients primarily drive the movement of specific ions across tubular epithelial cells during reabsorption and secretion. Glomerular filtration is a non-selective, bulk-flow process driven by mechanical pressure rather than individual ion concentrations. The process is governed by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures according to Starling's law.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. urethra: This terminal duct of the male reproductive system serves a dual purpose by transporting both urine and semen. It is divided into prostatic, membranous, and spongy segments. As the final conduit for ejaculation, it is an essential component of the male reproductive ductal network.
B. ductus deferens: Also known as the vas deferens, this muscular tube propels sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct during sexual arousal. It travels within the spermatic cord and enters the pelvic cavity via the inguinal canal. It represents a major segment of the internal duct system.
C. seminiferous tubules: These tightly coiled structures within the testicular lobules are the site of spermatogenesis. While they are the initial location where sperm are formed, they function as the beginning of the ductal pathway. They lead directly into the tubuli recti and the rete testis.
D. epididymis: This comma-shaped organ stores immature sperm and provides the environment for them to acquire motility and fertility. It consists of a highly coiled duct that connects the efferent ductules to the ductus deferens. It is a vital intermediary in the male reproductive tract.
E. corpus spongiosum: This is a column of erectile tissue that surrounds the spongy urethra within the penis. Its primary function is to prevent the compression of the urethra during an erection, ensuring a patent pathway for ejaculation. It is an anatomical erectile body rather than a duct.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. not develop secondary sex characteristics: Secondary sex characteristics, such as muscle growth and hair distribution, are driven by testosterone produced by interstitial cells. Since LH levels are normal, these cells will still be stimulated to produce adequate testosterone. The boy would likely appear physically mature in terms of external male characteristics.
B. have impaired function of interstitial cells: Interstitial endocrine cells are specifically regulated by luteinizing hormone, which the question states is functioning normally. These cells will continue to synthesize testosterone regardless of the FSH deficiency. Their endocrine function remains intact because their primary tropic hormone is still present in the circulation.
C. be impotent (unable to have an erection): Erection is a neurovascular reflex mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system and is not directly dependent on FSH. While low testosterone can decrease libido, LH is present to maintain testosterone levels. Therefore, the physiological mechanism for erection should remain functional in this mature male.
D. be unable to produce viable sperm: Follicle-stimulating hormone is strictly required to stimulate the sustentacular cells to facilitate the final stages of sperm maturation. Without FSH, the process of spermatogenesis cannot be completed effectively, leading to infertility. The individual would produce few or no functional spermatozoa despite normal hormonal levels.
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