The diagnosis of pregnancy is based on which positive signs of pregnancy? (Select all that apply.)
Identification of fetal heartbeat.
Palpation of fetal outline.
Visualization of the fetus.
Verification of fetal movement.
Positive hCG test.
Correct Answer : A,C,D
Choice A rationale: Identification of a fetal heartbeat via Doppler or ultrasound is a positive sign because it provides objective, undeniable evidence of a living fetus separate from the maternal systems.
Choice B rationale: Palpation of the fetal outline is considered a probable sign of pregnancy. While suggestive, it is not definitive because uterine tumors or myomas can occasionally mimic the fetal shape.
Choice C rationale: Visualization of the fetus through ultrasound or radiographic study is a positive sign. It offers direct, objective confirmation of the embryo or fetus, leaving no room for diagnostic error.
Choice D rationale: Verification of fetal movement by a trained healthcare provider is a positive sign. Unlike subjective maternal "quickening," professional palpation of movement confirms the presence of a live, developing fetus.
Choice E rationale: A positive hCG test is a probable sign of pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotropin levels can be elevated by certain medications, molar pregnancies, or specific types of choriocarcinoma tumors.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","E","F"]
No explanation
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
The correct answer is choice C. Increased insulin production.Infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at risk for hypoglycemia due to poor nutrient reserves and hyperinsulinism.
Hyperinsulinism is a condition where the pancreas produces too much insulin, which lowers the blood glucose level.Infants with IUGR may have hyperinsulinism because of placental insufficiency, maternal diabetes, or fetal stress.
Choice A is wrong because increased glycogen stores would protect against hypoglycemia, not cause it.
Glycogen is a form of stored glucose that can be broken down when blood glucose level is low.
Choice B is wrong because decreased gluconeogenesis would also protect against hypoglycemia, not cause it.
Gluconeogenesis is a process where the liver makes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or lactate.
Choice D is wrong because decreased glucose consumption would also protect against hypoglycemia, not cause it.
Glucose consumption is the rate at which cells use glucose for energy production.
If glucose consumption is low, blood glucose level would be high.
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