The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin
when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
when the pH of the urine decreases
by the increase in blood pressure
when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
by a decrease in the blood pressure
The Correct Answer is E
A. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated: Capillary dilation typically occurs in response to local metabolic needs or increased flow rather than systemic pressure drops. Renin release is triggered by signals from the juxtaglomerular apparatus. This vascular change does not serve as a primary trigger for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
B. when the pH of the urine decreases: Urine acidity is managed through the secretion of hydrogen ions and the reabsorption of bicarbonate in the tubules. While the kidneys regulate acid-base balance, pH changes do not directly stimulate the granular cells to release renin. Renin secretion is primarily a hemodynamic response.
C. by the increase in blood pressure: Elevated systemic arterial pressure inhibits the release of renin to prevent further vasoconstriction and fluid retention. The body utilizes atrial natriuretic peptide to counteract high pressure. Increased stretch in the afferent arteriole decreases the activity of the juxtaglomerular cells.
D. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10: Specific gravity measures the concentration of solutes in the urine and reflects the hydration status. While high concentration might coincide with low blood volume, it is the pressure and sodium delivery that act as triggers. Specific gravity itself is a result of renal processing.
E. by a decrease in the blood pressure: Reduced stretch in the afferent arteriole stimulates granular cells to secrete renin into the bloodstream. This enzyme initiates a cascade that produces angiotensin 2, a potent vasoconstrictor. This mechanism is vital for maintaining glomerular filtration rate and systemic perfusion.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. the glomerular capillaries: These vessels are the site of filtration, where blood pressure pushes water and small solutes into the capsular space. They do not perform reabsorption, as the pressure gradient is directed outward into the nephron. Reabsorption is a tubular process that occurs after the fluid has left these capillaries.
B. the proximal convoluted tubule: This segment is responsible for the reabsorption of 100 percent of the filtered glucose and amino acids under normal physiological conditions. It utilizes secondary active transport via sodium-dependent symporters on the apical membrane. This high-capacity recovery ensures that essential nutrients are not lost in the urine.
C. the renal corpuscle: The corpuscle, consisting of the glomerulus and its capsule, is the site of ultrafiltration rather than reabsorption. It produces the raw filtrate that contains glucose and amino acids. The actual recovery of these substances back into the blood occurs further downstream in the specialized tubular segments.
D. the distal convoluted tubule: While this segment performs fine-tuning of water and electrolytes like sodium and calcium, it is not the primary site for nutrient reabsorption. By the time filtrate reaches the distal tubule, glucose and amino acids should have already been completely removed. Its transport capacity for these molecules is negligible.
E. the collecting duct: The primary function of the collecting duct is the final concentration of urine through the regulated reabsorption of water and urea. It does not possess the transport proteins required for glucose or amino acid recovery. These nutrients are absorbed much earlier in the nephron to maximize metabolic efficiency.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. neutral: A pH of 7.0 would be insufficient to protect spermatozoa from the physiological stressors of the female reproductive tract. Semen requires a specific chemical buffer to maintain the viability and motility of the gametes. Neutral solutions lack the necessary buffering capacity to counteract external acidic environments effectively.
B. alkaline: Semen typically possesses a pH ranging from 7.2 to 8.0 due to the high volume of alkaline secretions from the seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands. This alkalinity is essential to neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and the female vagina. A basic environment is critical for optimizing sperm motility and survival.
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