The nurse recognizes that which statement correctly characterizes drug absorption?

Drugs given subcutaneously are absorbed more quickly than those given intramuscularly.

Most drugs must enter the systemic circulation to have a therapeutic effect.

Most oral medications are absorbed more quickly when administered with meals.

Mucous membranes are relatively impermeable to chemicals, making absorption slow.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

B. Drug absorption refers to the process by which a drug moves from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Once absorbed into the bloodstream (systemic circulation), drugs can distribute to various tissues and exert their therapeutic effects.

A. Different routes of drug administration affect the rate and extent of absorption. Subcutaneous injections are generally absorbed more quickly than intramuscular injections due to differences in blood flow and tissue characteristics.

C. The effect of meals on drug absorption varies depending on the specific medication. Some drugs are absorbed faster on an empty stomach, while others may be absorbed better with food.

D. Mucous membranes, contrary to the statement, are relatively permeable to drugs, allowing for rapid absorption when medications are administered via buccal, sublingual, rectal, or vaginal routes.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

B. pH 7.25, PaCO2 61, HCO3 26

pH is decreased (acidosis).

PaCO2 is elevated (61 mmHg), indicating respiratory acidosis (increased CO2 retention). HCO3 is slightly elevated (26 mEq/L), compensating for the respiratory acidosis.

A. pH 7.45, PaCO2 35, HCO3 22

pH is within normal range (7.35-7.45).

PaCO2 is slightly lower than normal (35 mmHg), indicating mild respiratory alkalosis. HCO3 (bicarbonate) is within normal range (22 mEq/L).

C. pH 7.23, PaCO2 27, HCO3 25

pH is decreased (acidosis).

PaCO2 is lower than normal (27 mmHg), indicating respiratory alkalosis (which is unlikely in the context of morphine overdose with hypoventilation).

HCO3 is within normal range (25 mEq/L).

D. pH 7.54, PaCO2 59, HCO3 26

pH is increased (alkalosis).

PaCO2 is elevated (59 mmHg), indicating respiratory acidosis (consistent with hypoventilation). HCO3 is slightly elevated (26 mEq/L), compensating for the respiratory acidosis.

A. Massage the client's bony areas every hour B. Encourage the client to deep breathe and cough every hour C. Provide tube feedings every two hours D. Change the client's position every two hours

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

B. Deep breathing and coughing exercises help to maintain lung expansion and prevent atelectasis (collapse of lung tissue), clear secretions from the airways, which can reduce the risk of respiratory infections like pneumonia, improve oxygenation and ventilation-perfusion matching in the lungs. Additionally, deep breathing exercises can stimulate circulation indirectly by improving oxygenation and gas exchange, which can benefit circulatory function.

A. Massaging bony areas can help prevent pressure ulcers (bedsores) in immobile patients, but it does not directly improve respiratory or circulatory functions. While skin integrity is important, it does not address the physiological needs of respiratory and circulatory systems.

C. While nutrition is important for overall health, especially in a nonresponsive client who may not be able to feed themselves orally, tube feedings primarily address nutritional needs and do not directly impact respiratory or circulatory functions. They are important for preventing malnutrition and supporting recovery, but they do not specifically target the goals of improving respiratory or circulatory functions.

D. Changing positions regularly is crucial for preventing complications such as pressure ulcers and maintaining skin integrity. It can also aid in improving circulation by relieving pressure on vulnerable areas and promoting blood flow. Proper positioning can optimize respiratory function by preventing pooling of secretions and improving lung ventilation. Additionally, positional changes encourage movement of the diaphragm and chest wall, which aids in ventilation and gas exchange.

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The nurse recognizes that which statement correctly characterizes drug absorption?

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