The pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has been linked to which of the following?
Altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism
Thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, and nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypothalamic amenorrhea and primary ovarian insufficiency
An androgen-secreting tumor
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: PCOS is a multifactorial endocrine disorder characterized by altered LH secretion, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism. Insulin resistance contributes to increased androgen production by the ovaries, and elevated LH levels stimulate theca cells, further exacerbating androgen excess. These mechanisms disrupt follicular development and ovulation.
Choice B reason: While thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia can cause menstrual irregularities, they are not part of the pathogenesis of PCOS. Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia may mimic PCOS but is a distinct condition.
Choice C reason: Hypothalamic amenorrhea and primary ovarian insufficiency are causes of secondary amenorrhea but are unrelated to the pathogenesis of PCOS. They involve different hormonal profiles and etiologies.
Choice D reason: An androgen-secreting tumor can cause virilization and menstrual disturbances but is a rare and distinct cause of hyperandrogenism. It is not part of the typical pathophysiology of PCOS.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Primary syphilis typically presents with a painless chancre at the site of inoculation. It does not cause a strawberry-like appearance of the cervix. Syphilitic lesions are ulcerative and not associated with the described colposcopic finding.
Choice B reason: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes painful vesicular or ulcerative lesions on the genital mucosa. It does not produce the characteristic strawberry cervix appearance seen in colposcopy.
Choice C reason: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cervical dysplasia and warts. Colposcopic findings may include acetowhite changes, mosaicism, or punctation, but not the strawberry cervix appearance.
Choice D reason: Trichomonas vaginalis infection is classically associated with a "strawberry cervix," which refers to punctate hemorrhages on the cervical mucosa. This is a hallmark finding in trichomoniasis and supports the diagnosis.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: While polydipsia and polyuria are consistent with central diabetes insipidus, extreme hunger and weight loss are more characteristic of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Hunger is not a hallmark symptom of diabetes insipidus.
Choice B reason: Irritability, lack of appetite, and vomiting may be seen in various pediatric or metabolic conditions but are not typical features of central diabetes insipidus, which primarily affects fluid balance.
Choice C reason: Fatigue, depression, and sensitivity to cold are symptoms more consistent with hypothyroidism or other endocrine disorders involving decreased metabolic rate. They do not reflect the hallmark features of diabetes insipidus.
Choice D reason: Central diabetes insipidus is characterized by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and frequent nighttime urination (nocturia). These symptoms result from the kidneys' inability to concentrate urine, making this the most accurate choice.
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