The pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has been linked to which of the following?
Altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism
Thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, and nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypothalamic amenorrhea and primary ovarian insufficiency
An androgen-secreting tumor
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: PCOS is a multifactorial endocrine disorder characterized by altered LH secretion, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism. Insulin resistance contributes to increased androgen production by the ovaries, and elevated LH levels stimulate theca cells, further exacerbating androgen excess. These mechanisms disrupt follicular development and ovulation.
Choice B reason: While thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia can cause menstrual irregularities, they are not part of the pathogenesis of PCOS. Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia may mimic PCOS but is a distinct condition.
Choice C reason: Hypothalamic amenorrhea and primary ovarian insufficiency are causes of secondary amenorrhea but are unrelated to the pathogenesis of PCOS. They involve different hormonal profiles and etiologies.
Choice D reason: An androgen-secreting tumor can cause virilization and menstrual disturbances but is a rare and distinct cause of hyperandrogenism. It is not part of the typical pathophysiology of PCOS.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: While stress and environmental factors may exacerbate acne, they are not the primary pathophysiological mechanism. Acne vulgaris is fundamentally driven by changes in the pilosebaceous unit, not psychological or allergenic triggers alone.
Choice B reason: UVA/UVB exposure may contribute to skin damage and inflammation, but it is not the direct cause of acne. In fact, some UV exposure may temporarily suppress inflammation, though it is not a therapeutic strategy and does not explain the formation of acne lesions.
Choice C reason: Acne vulgaris results from obstruction and inflammation of pilosebaceous units. This process begins with increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes, leading to comedones and inflammatory lesions such as papules, pustules, and nodules.
Choice D reason: Keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation abnormalities are more characteristic of conditions like psoriasis. While keratinization plays a role in acne, this description does not fully capture the multifactorial pathogenesis involving sebum, bacteria, and inflammation.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Insulin resistance is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus, not type 1. In type 1 diabetes, the issue is not resistance to insulin but rather a lack of insulin production due to destruction of beta cells.
Choice B reason: Type 1 diabetes is not caused by a single genetic mutation nor is it inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. While genetic predisposition plays a role, it involves multiple genes and environmental triggers leading to autoimmune destruction.
Choice C reason: Secondary diabetes can result from pancreatic diseases, hormonal disorders, or medications, but this is classified as type 3c diabetes or drug-induced diabetes. It is not the mechanism underlying classic type 1 diabetes.
Choice D reason: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to absolute insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and in severe cases, diabetic ketoacidosis.
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