The pathophysiology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) includes neurobiological deficits. Which of the following has been suggested as a pathologic basis for ADHD?

A patient calls the PMHNP with a question about her newborn. "She has a shrill, high-pitched cry I have never heard before." The PMHNP advises her to do which of the following?

Two weeks ago, the PMHNP prescribed the antidepressant escitalopram (Lexapro) for a 28-year-old female client with generalized anxiety disorder. At her initial appointment, she scored 28 on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). At today’s follow-up visit, she scored 26. She reports no side effects from the Lexapro. Which of the following is the next step for the PMHNP?

During a psychiatric evaluation, the psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner conducts a psychiatric review of systems (ROS) in which she reviews common psychiatric symptoms that may not have been elicited in the history of present illness (HPI). Which of the following questions is most likely designed to elicit a response for the system "eating and feeding"?

During a telehealth session, a 32-year-old single woman reports being home during the quarantine for a period of 4 months with no outside contact. She says she knows several people who died from COVID-19, and although she never became ill, she has become extremely nervous about leaving her house. She tried leaving her house once during the Phase 1 reopening, but she says it felt like "an elephant" was sitting on her chest and went back home. She is terrified to use public transportation or go to any stores and stand in line, in case she has another episode of chest pain and "cannot escape." She is too terrified to go out again but misses seeing her friends and family. Which diagnosis is most correct?

A 10-year-old boy displays deficits in intellectual functions that involve his ability to reason, solve problems, and learn from instruction or experience. He has been slow to develop skills in school and is behind his peers in reading, writing, and mathematical abilities. As a result, he has significant impairments in his ability to develop socially appropriate interpersonal communication skills and has developed no real friendships. He is dependent on others for assistance with his basic needs, such as dressing and feeding. Which of the following diagnoses most accurately represents this presentation?

The mother of a 12-year-old boy is concerned about the increasing number of times he shrugs his shoulders, rapidly blinks, and clears his throat. He is not taking any medications that would cause these behaviors. Which psychiatric condition is characterized by these features?

A 48-year-old woman presents to the PMHNP for her regular medication management appointment. She tells the provider she believes she is in menopause and asks if an herbal product is available to help treat the hot flashes. Which of the following has limited evidence to suggest it decreases menopausal symptoms?

A parent previously agreed that the psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) and her 17-year-old son could discuss his treatment in confidentiality. Now, the mother is calling the PMHNP asking about his most recent diagnosis of gender dysphoria. What should the PMHNP do?

A 14-year-old boy is being treated for behavioral difficulties at home and at school and has been diagnosed with ADHD. He has been skipping class and often comes home smelling of cigarette smoke. His parents report he has developed sudden facial twitches and makes more frequent repetitive guttural sounds, especially since starting a new medication. His drug screen is negative for unprescribed substances of abuse. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his facial twitches and guttural sounds?

The psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner has just diagnosed a 10-year-old boy with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). She advises the mother that stimulants are first-line treatment for ADHD. The mother voices her concerns that her son will become "addicted" to the stimulants and this will cause him to have problems with drugs and alcohol later in life. What is the most appropriate response by the PMHNP?