The PMHNP is treating an 81-year-old man believed to have dementia. She asks him questions about memories that his family has described as prominent aspects of his life. The patient is unable to recall any of these memories. Which area of the brain is affected?
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Amygdala
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: The hippocampus is central to the formation and retrieval of long-term memories. Impairment in this region leads to significant anterograde and retrograde memory deficits seen in dementia.
Choice B reason: The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis and autonomic functions but does not play a primary role in memory recall.
Choice C reason: The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals and contributes to attention and consciousness but is not the main center for episodic memory retrieval.
Choice D reason: The amygdala is involved in emotion, fear responses, and emotional memory processing, not the recall of specific episodic memories.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Fright syndromes typically involve transient anxiety and sadness but do not include the physical manifestations associated with Khayal.
Choice B reason: Weakness of the nervous system, such as neurasthenia, is associated with chronic fatigue and somatic complaints but does not reflect the acute episodic presentation of Khayal.
Choice C reason: Khayal is a Cambodian culture-bound syndrome characterized by a wind attack or sudden anxiety episode with physical symptoms, including tinnitus, palpitations, and neck soreness. It resembles a panic attack culturally contextualized.
Choice D reason: Excessive rumination or “thinking too much” is associated with some African or Caribbean syndromes but does not describe Khayal.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Ondansetron is a potent antiemetic that can be effective for nausea and vomiting, but it is typically not the first-line therapy in early pregnancy due to potential, albeit low, risks of fetal malformations. Its use is usually reserved for cases refractory to first-line interventions.
Choice B reason: Metoclopramide can be used for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, but it carries risks of extrapyramidal side effects and is generally not the first-line recommendation for mild to moderate morning sickness.
Choice C reason: Promethazine is an antihistamine antiemetic that can be used safely in pregnancy but is often reserved for more severe cases or when first-line therapy fails. Sedation is a common side effect.
Choice D reason: Doxylamine, an antihistamine, combined with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is considered the first-line treatment for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. This combination has demonstrated efficacy and safety in early pregnancy, making it the preferred initial therapy for severe morning sickness.
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