The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores is called
degermation.
sanitization.
sterilization.
disinfection.
antisepsis.
The Correct Answer is C
A. degermation: Degermation, or degerming, is the mechanical removal of microbes from living surfaces such as skin using friction and antiseptics. It reduces microbial load but does not destroy all microorganisms or endospores and is not considered sterilization.
B. sanitization: Sanitization reduces microbial populations on inanimate objects to levels considered safe by public health standards. It lowers the risk of infection but does not eliminate all microorganisms, nor does it reliably destroy bacterial endospores.
C. sterilization: Sterilization is a process that destroys or removes all forms of microbial life, including vegetative cells, viruses, fungi, and particularly resistant bacterial endospores. Methods include autoclaving (steam under pressure), dry heat, chemical sterilants, and radiation. It is essential for surgical instruments and other items that must be completely free of microorganisms.
D. disinfection: Disinfection uses physical or chemical agents to eliminate most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects but does not reliably destroy bacterial endospores. It is less comprehensive than sterilization and is suitable for surfaces or equipment that do not require sterility.
E. antisepsis: Antisepsis involves applying chemical agents to living tissues to reduce or inhibit microbial growth. It does not guarantee the destruction of all microorganisms or endospores and is intended primarily for infection control on skin and mucous membranes.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. FAD: FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) acts as an electron carrier during cellular respiration, accepting electrons to become FADH₂ in the Krebs cycle. However, it is not the final electron acceptor; it only temporarily shuttles electrons to the electron transport chain.
B. Oxygen: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and combines with protons to form water. This step is critical for maintaining the flow of electrons and enabling ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
C. Cytochrome c: Cytochrome c is an intermediate electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. It transfers electrons between complexes but does not serve as the terminal acceptor of electrons.
D. Pyruvic acid: Pyruvic acid is the end product of glycolysis and can be further metabolized in the Krebs cycle or fermentation pathways. It does not function as an electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
E. Nitrate: Nitrate can serve as a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration for certain bacteria, but in aerobic respiration, oxygen is the ultimate acceptor that drives the complete oxidation of glucose.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
The correct hierarchical order of biological classification from most specific to most general is: species → genus → family → order → class → phylum → kingdom → domain. Species represents the most specific level, identifying organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Each successive level groups organisms into broader categories based on shared characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and genetic similarity. Domain is the most general category, encompassing the largest diversity of organisms, such as Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. This hierarchical system, developed by Carl Linnaeus and expanded with modern phylogenetics, provides a standardized framework for organizing and studying biodiversity.
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