Prokaryotic cells are characterized by:
Lack of membrane-bound organelles
Presence of mitochondria
Multiple nuclei
The Correct Answer is A
A. Lack of membrane-bound organelles: Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi apparatus. All cellular processes, including energy production, protein synthesis, and DNA replication, occur in the cytoplasm or at the plasma membrane, which allows for rapid metabolic activity but limits compartmentalization.
B. Presence of mitochondria: Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles responsible for aerobic respiration and ATP production in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and instead carry out energy-producing processes across the plasma membrane.
C. Multiple nuclei: Prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region, not multiple nuclei. Multiple nuclei are characteristic of certain eukaryotic cells, such as skeletal muscle fibers or some fungal hyphae.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. semisynthetic drugs: Semisynthetic drugs are chemically modified natural antibiotics designed to improve their stability, spectrum, or pharmacokinetic properties. While some may target gram-positive bacteria, the term does not specifically indicate activity against a narrow group of organisms.
B. antibiotics: Antibiotics are naturally occurring or derived substances that inhibit or kill microorganisms. This term refers broadly to the type of drug rather than the range of bacteria it affects, so it does not specifically describe drugs limited to gram-positive bacteria.
C. broad-spectrum drugs: Broad-spectrum drugs are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. They are used when the specific pathogen is unknown but are not limited to gram-positive bacteria.
D. narrow-spectrum drugs: Narrow-spectrum drugs are effective against a limited group of microorganisms. In this context, a drug that targets only gram-positive bacteria is considered narrow-spectrum, as it does not act against gram-negative organisms and allows for more targeted therapy with reduced impact on normal flora.
E. synthetic drugs: Synthetic drugs are entirely chemically synthesized rather than derived from natural sources. While some synthetic drugs may target gram-positive bacteria, the term describes the origin of the drug, not its spectrum of activity.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Glycolysis: Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP directly through substrate-level phosphorylation, yielding 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. While it initiates the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, the majority of energy is not generated at this stage.
B. All phases produce the same number of ATP molecules: ATP production is not uniform across the phases of cellular respiration. Each phase contributes differently, with oxidative phosphorylation generating the largest share of ATP, making this statement incorrect.
C. Oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain): The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation produce the majority of ATP during cellular respiration, typically yielding 34 ATP per glucose molecule. High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ drive proton pumping across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that powers ATP synthase to generate large quantities of ATP.
D. Krebs cycle: The Krebs cycle produces a small number of ATP molecules directly through substrate-level phosphorylation (1 ATP per cycle per acetyl-CoA). Its main contribution is generating NADH and FADH₂, which carry electrons to the electron transport chain for the production of most ATP.
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