The proteoglycan aggregate (the "toilet brush"), which is an integral component of the ground substance, is composed of:
hyaluronic acid + proteoglycan monomers
reticular fibers + collagen fibers
chondroblasts and chondroclasts
collagen fibers + fibroblasts
The Correct Answer is A
A. hyaluronic acid + proteoglycan monomers: Hyaluronic acid forms the central stalk (handle of the "toilet brush"), and proteoglycan monomers attach along its length, forming a large aggregate that traps water and gives ground substance its gel-like consistency.
B. reticular fibers + collagen fibers: These are structural protein fibers in connective tissue but are not components of proteoglycan aggregates.
C. chondroblasts and chondroclasts: These are cartilage cells involved in formation (chondroblasts) and resorption (chondroclasts) but not part of the ground substance's molecular structure.
D. collagen fibers + fibroblasts: Collagen fibers are structural; fibroblasts produce extracellular matrix components, but neither directly forms the proteoglycan aggregate.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. transitional epithelium - specialized for stretch: This is correctly matched. Transitional epithelium lines the urinary bladder and stretches to accommodate urine volume changes.
B. pseudostratified epithelium - multiple layers for protection: This is mismatched. Pseudostratified epithelium appears to have multiple layers due to nuclei at different levels, but all cells touch the basement membrane, so it is a single layer and not primarily for protection.
C. simple cuboidal - found in kidneys, glands, liver: Correctly matched. Simple cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in these organs and is involved in secretion and absorption.
D. keratinized stratified squamous - epidermis of skin: Correctly matched. This type of epithelium forms the outer layer of skin and provides protection against abrasion and water loss.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. squamous cell carcinoma
This cancer arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum, often due to UV damage, and can metastasize if not treated early.
B. melanoma
Melanoma arises from melanocytes, which are found in the stratum basale, not the stratum spinosum.
C. basal cell carcinoma
This cancer originates from basal cells of the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis.
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