Three-year-old Jamie is putting together a puzzle by herself. Aloud, she says, "This piece goes here," even though no one is there to hear her. According to Lev Vygotsky, Jamie is engaging in what kind of speech?
Telegraphic
Egocentric
Inner
Private
Cluttered
The Correct Answer is D
A. Telegraphic: Telegraphic speech is short, content-only utterances used by young toddlers (e.g., “want cookie”), not the self-directed speech described.
B. Egocentric: Piaget called similar speech “egocentric,” but Vygotsky reframed it differently; the expected Vygotskian term is below.
C. Inner: Inner speech is internal (silent) thought; Jamie is speaking aloud, so this is not inner speech yet.
D. Private: Vygotsky called aloud self-directed speech used to guide behavior “private speech,” which later becomes inner speech.
E. Cluttered: Not a recognized technical term in this context.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Autism spectrum disorder:ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder not caused by an inability to metabolize a dietary amino acid.
B. Phenylketonuria (PKU):PKU is an inherited inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, causing accumulation that can lead to brain damage and intellectual disability if untreated.
C. Huntington's disease:Huntington’s is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion, not an amino-acid metabolic defect in infancy.
D. Jaundice: Jaundice involves elevated bilirubin in newborns and can cause kernicterus if severe, but it’s not an amino-acid metabolic disorder like PKU.
E. Meningitis: Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges from infection and is not caused by metabolic inability to process an amino acid.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Nature based: "Nature-based" emphasizes biological/genetic causes; it doesn’t by itself indicate whether change is stage-like or gradual.
B. Nurture based: "Nurture-based" emphasizes environmental causes; like (A), this label doesn’t specify continuity vs. discontinuity.
C. Continuity based: Continuity implies gradual, quantitative change (smooth development), which contrasts with the stage idea described.
D. Discontinuity based: stage theories propose qualitative, stepwise shifts in thought (distinct stages) - a discontinuous view of development.
E. Passive based: "Passive" would suggest the developing person is a passive recipient of forces; the vignette describes active stage-like cognitive changes, not passivity.
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