Jonah, a five-year-old, utters the phrase "we goed to the park." Jonah's utterance is an example of which of the following concepts?
Overregularization
Overextension
Underextension
Fast mapping
Syntactic bootstrapping
The Correct Answer is A
A. Overregularization: Applying regular grammatical rules (-ed) to an irregular past-tense verb (“goed” instead of “went”) is classic overregularization.
B. Overextension: Overextension is using a word too broadly (e.g., calling all animals “doggie”); Jonah’s error is morphological, not lexical over-broadening.
C. Underextension: Underextension is using a word too narrowly (e.g., using “dog” only for the family pet), not relevant here.
D. Fast mapping: Fast mapping is rapid initial word-meaning acquisition after limited exposure; Jonah’s utterance shows rule application, not initial word learning.
E. Syntactic bootstrapping: Syntactic bootstrapping is inferring word meaning from sentence structure; Jonah’s mistake is a morphological error, not use of syntax to infer meaning.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Telegraphic: Telegraphic speech is short, content-only utterances used by young toddlers (e.g., “want cookie”), not the self-directed speech described.
B. Egocentric: Piaget called similar speech “egocentric,” but Vygotsky reframed it differently; the expected Vygotskian term is below.
C. Inner: Inner speech is internal (silent) thought; Jamie is speaking aloud, so this is not inner speech yet.
D. Private: Vygotsky called aloud self-directed speech used to guide behavior “private speech,” which later becomes inner speech.
E. Cluttered: Not a recognized technical term in this context.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Boys observe and imitate their father's aggressive behavior: This is a social-learning explanation (modeling/imitation), not the primary evolutionary account.
B. Boys become bored easily with nonaggressive play: This is a behavioral/descriptive claim about preference and arousal, not an evolutionary functional explanation.
C. Boys' aggressive behavior is permitted by their parents: This is a socialization explanation (parental permissiveness), not an evolutionary one.
D. Boys are preparing to play aggressive sports later in life: This is a cultural/practice-centered explanation, not a core evolutionary-functional account.
E. Boys' aggression helps them compete for resources: Evolutionary psychology explains behaviors by their adaptive function (e.g., competition for mates/resources); this frames aggression as functional and is the best fit.
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