Warning signs of skin cancer may include: (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

A. Barrel chest is correct because advanced emphysema causes hyperinflation of the lungs due to air trapping. Over time, the anteroposterior diameter of the chest increases, giving the characteristic “barrel-shaped” appearance. This occurs because the alveoli are damaged, air is retained, and the lungs remain chronically overinflated, which also flattens the diaphragm and contributes to difficulty with effective respiration.

B. Constant productive cough is incorrect because a productive cough is more characteristic of chronic bronchitis, another form of COPD. Emphysema primarily involves alveolar destruction and airflow obstruction, so cough is usually minimal or dry in contrast to chronic bronchitis.

C. Underinflation of the lungs is incorrect because emphysematous lungs are overinflated, not underinflated. Hyperinflation leads to increased residual lung volume and the “barrel chest” deformity.

D. Arched diaphragm is incorrect because in emphysema, the diaphragm becomes flattened, not arched, due to lung hyperinflation and air trapping. A flattened diaphragm reduces the efficiency of inspiration, contributing to shortness of breath and use of accessory muscles.

A. Third-degree (full-thickness) is incorrect because third-degree burns extend through the entire epidermis and dermis and may involve underlying tissues such as fat, muscle, or bone. These burns are typically painless due to nerve destruction and often appear white, leathery, or charred. Blisters are usually absent because the dermis is destroyed.

B. Second-degree (partial thickness) is incorrect because second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis. They are characterized by redness, blistering, and severe pain. Partial-thickness burns may be superficial or deep depending on how much of the dermis is affected.

C. Fourth-degree (full-thickness) is incorrect because fourth-degree burns extend beyond the skin into underlying tissues, including muscle, tendon, or bone. These burns are severe, often painless due to nerve destruction, and require surgical intervention.

D. First-degree (superficial) is correct because first-degree burns affect only the epidermis. They cause redness, mild swelling, and pain, but blisters are absent. Common causes include mild sunburn or brief contact with hot objects. First-degree burns typically heal within 3–7 days without scarring, as only the outermost layer of skin is damaged.