What is a risk factor for developing osteoporosis?
Increased exercise.
Increased vitamin D intake.
Increased age.
Increased dietary protein.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice C rationale
Increased age is a significant non-modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis because bone resorption by osteoclasts naturally begins to outpace bone formation by osteoblasts over time. As people age, there is a decline in sex hormones, particularly estrogen in women and testosterone in men, which are essential for maintaining bone mineral density. This leads to a porous, brittle skeletal structure that is highly susceptible to fractures. Bone density typically peaks in the early thirties and declines thereafter.
Choice A rationale
Increased exercise, specifically weight-bearing and resistance training, is a protective factor against osteoporosis. Mechanical stress on the bones stimulates osteoblastic activity, which helps to maintain and increase bone density. Physical activity like walking, hiking, or weightlifting strengthens the skeletal system and improves balance, reducing the risk of falls. Sedentary lifestyles, on the other hand, contribute significantly to the loss of bone mass and the early onset of osteoporosis and related skeletal fractures.
Choice B rationale
Increased vitamin D intake is a preventive measure for osteoporosis because vitamin D is required for the intestinal absorption of calcium. Without adequate vitamin D, the body cannot effectively utilize dietary calcium, leading to the mobilization of calcium from the bones to maintain serum levels. This process weakens the skeleton. Therefore, maintaining sufficient levels of vitamin D through diet, sunlight, or supplementation is a key strategy for maintaining bone health and preventing the development of osteoporosis.
Choice D rationale
Increased dietary protein is generally beneficial for bone health as protein makes up a large portion of the bone matrix. While extremely excessive protein was once thought to cause calcium loss, modern science shows that adequate protein intake is necessary for bone strength and the maintenance of muscle mass, which protects bones from impact. Malnutrition or low protein intake is actually the risk factor associated with decreased bone density and a higher incidence of hip fractures in the elderly.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","C"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Hyperthyroidism is characterized by a hypermetabolic state due to excess circulating thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. This excess increases the basal metabolic rate, leading to symptoms such as nervousness from central nervous system overstimulation and heat intolerance from increased thermogenesis. The body also demands more fuel to sustain this high metabolic activity, which manifests as an increased appetite despite the potential for significant and unintentional weight loss.
Choice B rationale
This statement is incorrect because it mixes symptoms of two different conditions. While bradycardia, or a heart rate below 60 beats per minute, is a classic sign of hypothyroidism due to decreased sympathetic activity, unintentional weight loss is a hallmark of hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism typically presents with weight gain or difficulty losing weight because the metabolic rate is significantly slowed, leading to decreased energy expenditure and increased fluid retention or myxedema.
Choice C rationale
Hypothyroidism results from a deficiency in thyroid hormones, which leads to a generalized slowing of body processes. Periorbital edema occurs due to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the interstitial spaces, a condition known as myxedema. Additionally, the reduction in metabolic demand and sympathetic nervous system sensitivity leads to bradycardia, where the heart rate falls below the normal range of 60 to 100 beats per minute, confirming these as hypothyroid manifestations.
Choice D rationale
This statement is partially incorrect. While heat intolerance is a common finding in hyperthyroidism due to the increased metabolic rate and heat production, periorbital edema is more typically associated with the myxedematous changes found in hypothyroidism. Although Graves' disease can cause exophthalmos, which may involve swelling, the general term periorbital edema is a classic indicator of the sluggish lymphatic and metabolic state seen in patients with low thyroid function.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, can lead to various types of anemia by suppressing bone marrow function. However, they do not specifically address the deficiency of intrinsic factor associated with pernicious anemia. In pernicious anemia, the primary problem is an autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells, which are responsible for secreting the intrinsic factor needed for nutrient processing in the distal ileum.
Choice B rationale
Increased blood loss typically results in iron deficiency anemia due to the depletion of iron stores needed for hemoglobin synthesis. While blood loss can cause a reduction in total red blood cell count, it is not the physiological mechanism behind pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is a macrocytic anemia characterized by the body's inability to absorb enough vitamin B12 because of the lack of intrinsic factor.
Choice C rationale
Pernicious anemia is specifically caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the stomach's parietal cells. Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Without it, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed, leading to impaired DNA synthesis in red blood cells. This results in the production of large, immature, and dysfunctional megaloblastic cells that cannot carry oxygen effectively.
Choice D rationale
Iron storage relates to the body's levels of ferritin and hemosiderin, which are crucial for producing heme in red blood cells. A decrease in iron storage leads to microcytic, hypochromic anemia, which is distinct from the macrocytic nature of pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia focuses on the malabsorption of cobalamin rather than a lack of mineral iron, making iron storage irrelevant to the specific pathology of intrinsic factor loss.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.