What is an expected physical assessment finding for a 6-month-old infant?
Can roll over both ways.
Can stand holding on to furniture.
Can sit without support.
Can walk independently.
The Correct Answer is A
Assessing infant development requires applying knowledge of gross motor milestones and the cephalocaudal progression of muscular control. The practitioner must differentiate between abilities typically acquired at the six-month mark versus milestones expected during later infancy or toddlerhood.
Choice A rationale
. By six months, infants have developed sufficient trunk strength and coordination to roll from prone to supine and supine to prone positions. This milestone indicates appropriate musculoskeletal development and integration of primitive reflexes necessary for future mobility.
Choice B rationale
. Standing while holding onto furniture, known as cruising, is a milestone typically achieved between eight and ten months. At six months, an infant generally lacks the lower extremity strength and balance required to support their full weight while standing.
Choice C rationale
. Sitting without support is a milestone usually mastered around seven to eight months of age. While a six-month-old infant can often sit with support or lean forward on their hands, independent sitting requires further core stability and balance.
Choice D rationale
. Independent walking is a major milestone typically reached between eleven and fifteen months. Walking requires advanced neurological maturation, complex balance, and significant muscle strength that a six-month-old infant has not yet physically or neurologically developed to perform.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Effective pediatric asthma management focuses on optimizing drug deposition within the lower respiratory tract. This scenario requires applying knowledge of inhalation mechanics and delivery device efficacy to minimize oropharyngeal deposition and maximize the therapeutic action of corticosteroids or bronchodilators in smaller airways.
Choice A rationale
Spacers slow the speed of aerosol particles and decrease the particle size. This prevents the medication from hitting the back of the throat and improves lung deposition significantly, which is critical for pediatric patients with smaller airway diameters.
Choice B rationale
Quick inhalation causes turbulent airflow, leading to medication impaction in the upper airway and mouth. Slow, deep inhalation is required to allow the aerosol to bypass the glottis and reach the distal bronchioles for effective treatment.
Choice C rationale
Holding the breath allows for sedimentation, where gravity pulls particles onto the lung surface. While important, the spacer is the most critical step for ensuring the medication actually enters the lungs initially in children who lack coordination.
Choice D rationale
Shaking ensures the propellant and medication are mixed for a consistent dose. However, without a spacer, much of that dose is wasted in the mouth, making the delivery device the priority for teaching effective clinical management.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Assessing pediatric respiratory distress requires recognizing compensatory mechanisms used to maintain oxygenation. Clinicians must identify physical signs indicating increased work of breathing and distinguish them from normal physiological findings to determine the severity of a child's clinical respiratory status.
Choice A rationale
Cyanosis is a late and critical sign of respiratory failure, indicating significant deoxygenation of hemoglobin. It signifies that compensatory mechanisms have failed, rather than serving as the most immediate indicator of the distress process itself.
Choice B rationale
Clear lung sounds generally indicate adequate air movement and an absence of fluid or obstruction. This finding would contradict a state of respiratory distress, which usually presents with adventitious sounds like wheezing, crackles, or stridor.
Choice C rationale
Intercostal retractions occur when the flexible chest wall is pulled inward during inspiration due to high negative intrapleural pressure. This physical sign is a primary indicator of increased effort needed to overcome airway resistance.
Choice D rationale
A normal respiratory rate, which is 20 to 30 breaths per minute for young children, indicates stability. Respiratory distress typically triggers tachypnea as the body attempts to increase minute ventilation to maintain adequate gas exchange.
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