What is the primary cause of stress incontinence in women?
Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Involuntary detrusor muscle spasms
Lack of bladder sensation
Increased intra-abdominal pressure
The Correct Answer is D
Rationale:
A. Decreased blood flow to the kidneys is not related to stress incontinence. While renal perfusion affects urine production, it does not cause leakage of urine due to increased pressure or pelvic floor weakness.
B. Involuntary detrusor muscle spasms are associated with urge incontinence, not stress incontinence. In urge incontinence, sudden, strong contractions of the detrusor muscle lead to an urgent need to void, often resulting in leakage if the person cannot reach a bathroom in time.
C. Lack of bladder sensation can contribute to functional incontinence or overflow incontinence but is not the primary mechanism in stress incontinence. Functional incontinence occurs when the person is unable to respond to normal bladder signals due to cognitive or physical impairments.
D. Increased intra-abdominal pressure is the primary cause of stress incontinence in women. Stress incontinence occurs when physical activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising increase pressure within the abdomen, and the weakened pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter are unable to maintain closure. This results in involuntary leakage of urine. Factors such as pregnancy, childbirth, aging, and hormonal changes can weaken pelvic floor support, making stress incontinence more common in women.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Veins are incorrect. Veins have thinner walls and less smooth muscle compared with arteries because they operate under lower pressure. Their structure includes valves to prevent backflow, but they do not require thick muscular walls to maintain blood pressure.
B. Venules are incorrect. Venules are small vessels that collect blood from capillaries and transport it to veins. Their walls are very thin, primarily composed of endothelium and a small amount of smooth muscle, insufficient for significant pressure regulation.
C. Capillaries are incorrect. Capillaries consist of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane to facilitate exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues. They have no smooth muscle layer.
D. Arteries is correct. Arteries have the thickest walls and the most smooth muscle and elastic tissue of all blood vessels. This structure allows arteries to withstand and regulate high-pressure blood flow from the heart, maintain blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and distribute blood efficiently to organs and tissues. The thick smooth muscle layer is essential for maintaining vascular tone and responding to changes in physiological demand.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. An embolism refers to the obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot, air bubble, fat, or other material that travels through the bloodstream. While an embolism can result from atherosclerotic plaque rupture, the term itself does not describe the process of plaque buildup.
B. Atherosclerosis is the progressive accumulation of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances (plaque) on the inner walls of arteries. This buildup causes narrowing and stiffening of the arteries, which can lead to reduced blood flow, ischemia, and increased risk of heart attack or stroke. It is a key underlying pathology in many cardiovascular diseases.
C. Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm, which may be too fast, too slow, or irregular. It is related to electrical conduction issues in the heart, not plaque formation in blood vessels.
D. Hypertension is elevated blood pressure, which can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis over time, but it is not synonymous with plaque buildup itself.
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