Which of the following statements about risk factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) is true?
Smoking is the most important risk factor of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD).
Men are more susceptible to developing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) and emphysema than women.
Smoking marijuana do not increase the risk of COPD.
Environmental exposures to dust, vapors, and fumes do not increase a person's risk for COPD.
The Correct Answer is A
Rationale:
A. Smoking is the most important risk factor of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) is correct. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of COPD, accounting for the majority of cases. The toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke damage airway epithelium, impair mucociliary clearance, and trigger chronic inflammation, leading to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and progressive airflow limitation. The risk increases with both the duration and intensity of smoking.
B. Men are more susceptible to developing COPD and emphysema than women is incorrect. Although historically men had higher prevalence rates due to smoking patterns, women are equally or even more susceptible to the harmful effects of cigarette smoke on lung tissue. Recent studies indicate that women may develop COPD at younger ages and with lower cumulative smoking exposure.
C. Smoking marijuana does not increase the risk of COPD is incorrect. Smoking marijuana can also cause airway inflammation, chronic bronchitis, and impaired lung function, similar to tobacco, although the cumulative risk may differ. Regular inhalation of any smoke contributes to COPD development.
D. Environmental exposures to dust, vapors, and fumes do not increase a person's risk for COPD is incorrect. Occupational and environmental exposures are well-established risk factors. Long-term inhalation of dust, chemical fumes, and air pollutants can contribute to chronic airway inflammation and airflow limitation, either independently or synergistically with smoking.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Rationale:
A. A hypertrophic scar is characterized by raised, firm, fibrous tissue that remains within the boundaries of the original wound. It results from excessive collagen deposition during the proliferative and remodeling phases of wound healing. These scars may improve over time but are often red or pink, firm to the touch, and can cause itching or discomfort.
B. Resolution refers to the complete healing of a wound without significant scarring or residual tissue changes. The presence of hard, raised fibrous tissue indicates abnormal scar formation, not simple resolution.
C. A contracture occurs when scar tissue tightens, restricting joint movement and potentially impairing function. While hypertrophic scars can contribute to contractures if located near joints, the primary observation here is the raised, fibrous tissue, not restricted mobility.
D. Adhesions are bands of fibrous tissue that form between internal organs or tissues, often after surgery or severe injury. They are internal and not visible on the skin surface, unlike the raised scar tissue described in this scenario.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Rationale:
A. By promoting vasoconstriction, aldosterone release, and increasing blood volume is correct. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response to low blood pressure, decreased renal perfusion, or low sodium levels. Renin, released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. It also stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex, which promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney, thereby increasing blood volume and further raising blood pressure.
B. By blocking angiotensin II from binding to its receptors, reducing vasoconstriction is incorrect. This describes the action of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin II from exerting its effects. This is the opposite of the RAAS’s natural compensatory mechanism during hypotension.
C. By decreasing blood volume through promoting sodium and water excretion is incorrect. RAAS activation conserves sodium and water, increasing blood volume. Promoting excretion would lower blood volume and exacerbate hypotension, which is contrary to the system’s function.
D. By inhibiting aldosterone production and promoting sodium excretion is incorrect. RAAS stimulates aldosterone production, not inhibits it. Inhibiting aldosterone would lead to sodium and water loss, reducing blood volume and failing to restore blood pressure.
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