What is the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?
It regulates heat production through muscle contraction.
It increases blood flow to the skin in cold environments.
It acts as the body's temperature regulation center.
It directly stimulates sweat glands to produce sweat.
The Correct Answer is C
A. It regulates heat production through muscle contraction.: The hypothalamus coordinates responses (e.g., shivering) that increase heat production, but it does so as an integrative center rather than directly contracting muscles.
B. It increases blood flow to the skin in cold environments.: In cold environments the hypothalamus typically reduces skin blood flow to conserve heat; increasing skin blood flow is a heat-loss response.
C. It acts as the body's temperature regulation center.: The hypothalamus integrates thermal sensory input and orchestrates autonomic and behavioral responses to maintain core temperature.
D. It directly stimulates sweat glands to produce sweat.: The hypothalamus triggers sympathetic pathways that cause sweating, but it does not directly innervate sweat glands itself.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Lymphocytes:Lymphocytes (B and T cells) typically increase in viral infections and chronic immune responses rather than in acute bacterial infections.
B. Eosinophils:Eosinophils increase primarily in parasitic infections and allergic reactions, not characteristically in acute bacterial infections.
C. Basophils:Basophils are involved in allergic and certain inflammatory responses and do not usually show a marked increase during acute bacterial infections.
D. Neutrophils:Neutrophils are first-line phagocytic responders and commonly increase (neutrophilia) in acute bacterial infections to help ingest and destroy bacteria.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):ADH (vasopressin) promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys; deficiency reduces water reabsorption, producing excessive urine output (polyuria) and compensatory thirst (polydipsia), and head trauma can damage the hypothalamic–posterior pituitary axis causing this deficiency.
B. Aldosterone:Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and water retention in the distal nephron; deficiency can cause salt wasting and volume depletion but is less directly associated with the classic polyuria/polydipsia pattern seen after head trauma.
C. Oxytocin:Oxytocin primarily affects uterine contraction and milk ejection; deficiency does not typically produce polyuria and polydipsia.
D. Cortisol:Cortisol influences metabolism and stress responses and, in excess, can cause polyuria via osmotic diuresis from hyperglycemia, but isolated cortisol deficiency or excess is a less direct explanation for sudden polyuria and polydipsia following head trauma compared with ADH loss.
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