Which type of hormone is derived from cholesterol and acts by entering the target cell to influence gene expression?
Catecholamines
Peptide hormones
Thyroid hormones
Steroid hormones
The Correct Answer is D
A. Catecholamines: Catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine) are derived from amino acids like tyrosine and act mainly through cell surface receptors, not by entering the cell to affect gene transcription.
B. Peptide hormones: Peptide hormones are chains of amino acids that bind to receptors on the cell surface because they are not lipid-soluble; they act via secondary messenger systems rather than directly influencing DNA transcription.
C. Thyroid hormones: Thyroid hormones are amino acid–derived but are lipid-soluble; they can enter cells and influence gene expression, although they are not cholesterol-derived.
D. Steroid hormones: Steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol, estrogen, testosterone) are synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble, allowing them to cross the cell membrane, bind intracellular receptors, and regulate gene transcription in the nucleus.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. To increase blood glucose levels directly:The hypothalamus does not directly raise blood glucose; it regulates hormones that influence this process indirectly via other glands.
B. To store and release oxytocin:Oxytocin is stored and released by the posterior pituitary, not the hypothalamus itself.
C. To secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH):The hypothalamus produces and releases CRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH, initiating the HPA axis cascade leading to cortisol release.
D. To produce aldosterone:Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, not by the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Monocytes:Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells that perform phagocytosis and antigen presentation but do not produce antibodies.
B. Neutrophils:Neutrophils are short-lived phagocytic cells that ingest and destroy pathogens; they do not produce antibodies.
C. B lymphocytes:B lymphocytes (B cells) differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to antigens, making them the primary source of antibody production.
D. T lymphocytes:T lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity, regulating immune responses and directly killing infected cells but not in producing antibodies.
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