Which neurotransmitter has both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes?

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Serotonin acts on 5-HT receptors, not muscarinic or nicotinic subtypes. It modulates mood and behavior but lacks the receptor diversity of acetylcholine. Serotonin’s receptors are G-protein-coupled or ligand-gated, unrelated to muscarinic or nicotinic mechanisms, making it incorrect for this neurotransmitter classification.

Choice B reason: Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic (G-protein-coupled) and nicotinic (ligand-gated) receptors. Muscarinic receptors regulate parasympathetic functions like heart rate, while nicotinic receptors mediate muscle contraction and CNS signaling. This dual receptor system is unique to acetylcholine, making it the correct neurotransmitter for this question.

Choice C reason: Dopamine acts on D1 and D2 receptors, not muscarinic or nicotinic subtypes. It regulates reward and motor functions but lacks the cholinergic receptor classifications. Dopamine’s receptors are G-protein-coupled, not ligand-gated like nicotinic, making it an incorrect choice for this neurotransmitter property.

Choice D reason: GABA binds to GABA-A (ligand-gated) and GABA-B (G-protein-coupled) receptors, not muscarinic or nicotinic. It inhibits neural activity, unrelated to cholinergic systems. GABA’s receptors mediate inhibitory signaling, not the excitatory or parasympathetic functions of muscarinic/nicotinic receptors, rendering it incorrect for this question.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Projection involves attributing one’s issues to others, not ignoring symptoms. The patient’s dismissal of serious symptoms, like weight loss, suggests denial, not projection. These symptoms may indicate physiological issues, not psychological attribution, making projection incorrect for this defense mechanism.

Choice B reason: Regression involves reverting to childish behaviors, not ignoring symptoms. The patient’s claim of a minor cold despite weight loss and fatigue reflects denial, not regression. These symptoms suggest a serious condition, not immature coping, making this an incorrect defense mechanism.

Choice C reason: Denial involves refusing to acknowledge serious symptoms, like weight loss and fatigue, which may indicate a medical condition. By attributing them to a minor cold, the patient avoids reality, a common defense in stress-related cortisol spikes, making this the correct mechanism.

Choice D reason: Displacement redirects emotions to another target, not ignoring symptoms. The patient’s minimization of serious health issues, like fatigue, reflects denial, not redirected feelings. This mechanism is unrelated to dismissing physical symptoms, making it incorrect for the described behavior.

A. To arise slowly from bed B. To report muscle stiffness C. To chew sugarless gum D. To increase dietary fiber

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Arising slowly addresses orthostatic hypotension, a side effect of alpha-1 receptor blockade, not dopamine effects. First-generation antipsychotics primarily block D2 receptors, affecting motor and cognitive pathways, not vascular tone. Hypotension is unrelated to dopaminergic effects, making this teaching point scientifically inaccurate.

Choice B reason: Dopamine D2 receptor blockade in the nigrostriatal pathway causes extrapyramidal symptoms, like muscle stiffness, in first-generation antipsychotics. This mimics Parkinson’s disease due to reduced dopamine signaling, impairing motor control. Teaching patients to report stiffness ensures early detection and management, aligning with the neuropharmacological impact of these drugs.

Choice C reason: Chewing sugarless gum addresses dry mouth, an anticholinergic side effect, not dopaminergic. First-generation antipsychotics block muscarinic receptors, not dopamine, causing reduced salivation. While common, this is unrelated to dopaminergic effects, making this teaching point irrelevant for the specified drug mechanism.

Choice D reason: Increasing dietary fiber addresses constipation, another anticholinergic effect, not dopaminergic. Dopamine blockade affects motor and reward systems, not gastrointestinal motility, which is regulated by muscarinic receptors. This teaching point does not correspond to the dopaminergic effects of first-generation antipsychotics, rendering it incorrect.

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Which neurotransmitter has both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A patient is undergoing diagnostic tests. The patient says, “Nothing is wrong with me except a stubborn chest cold.” The spouse reports that the patient smokes, coughs daily, has recently lost 15 pounds, and is easily fatigued. Which defense mechanism is the patient using?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A patient is taking a first-generation antipsychotic medication. What should the nurse teach about the drug’s strong dopaminergic effect?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Which neurotransmitter has both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes?

A client experiences panic attacks when confronted with riding in elevators. The nurse is teaching the client to use relaxation techniques while gradually exposing the client to getting on an elevator. Which technique is the nurse using?

The spouse of a patient who experiences delusions asks the nurse, “Are there any circumstances under which the treatment team is justified in violating the patient’s right to confidentiality?” What is the nurse’s best response?

A client is newly prescribed a medication that will block the effects of histamine for the treatment of a mental health disorder. The client asks, “What side effects should I anticipate with this new medication?” Which response by the nurse is accurate?

A patient prescribed a muscarinic-receptor blocker will require assessment for what side effect?

A patient reports experiencing performance anxiety in front of an audience. The nurse should be aware that this type of anxiety is often treated with which medication?

Which medication would be considered a first-line medication therapy for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Which of the following options best describes the basic elements of the communication model?