Which of the following applies to Hepatitis A infection?
it is a precursor to Hepatitis D
it is transmitted through infected blood and body fluids
it is transmitted through the fecal oral route
it frequently leads to chronic hepatitis
The Correct Answer is C
A. It is a precursor to Hepatitis D: Hepatitis D requires the presence of hepatitis B virus to replicate and does not develop from hepatitis A infection. Hepatitis A is a distinct virus with a different transmission route and disease course. There is no virologic relationship in which hepatitis A leads to hepatitis D.
B. It is transmitted through infected blood and body fluids: This mode of transmission is characteristic of bloodborne pathogens like Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, which are spread through needle sticks, sexual contact, or mother-to-child transmission. Hepatitis A is not typically spread through parenteral exposure.
C. It is transmitted through the fecal oral route: Hepatitis A is primarily spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water or close personal contact. Poor sanitation and inadequate hand hygiene increase the risk of transmission. This route explains outbreaks associated with travel and food handling.
D. It frequently leads to chronic hepatitis: Hepatitis A causes an acute, self-limiting illness and does not progress to chronic hepatitis. Most clients recover completely with lifelong immunity. Chronic liver disease is not a typical outcome of hepatitis A infection.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Systolic between 140 and 150 mm Hg: Systolic readings in this range meet the criteria for hypertension rather than normal blood pressure. Persistent values at or above 140 mm Hg indicate increased cardiovascular risk.
B. Systolic of 120 mm Hg and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg: Normal adult blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure around 120 mm Hg with a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg. These values indicate effective cardiac output and vascular resistance. This range is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular complications.
C. Systolic less than 100 mm Hg regardless of diastolic pressure: A systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg may indicate hypotension, especially if symptomatic. Normal blood pressure requires consideration of both systolic and diastolic values. Low systolic pressure alone does not define normal blood pressure.
D. Systolic greater than 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg: These values represent stage 2 hypertension and significantly elevate the risk for cardiovascular and renal complications. They are well above normal limits.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Acidosis depresses respirations: While acidosis can affect the respiratory drive, it is not the primary cause of hypoxemia in pneumonia. William’s low PO2 is due to impaired gas exchange rather than depressed ventilatory effort.
B. Oxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion: In pneumonia, alveoli fill with inflammatory exudate, mucus, and cellular debris. This fluid buildup creates a barrier to oxygen diffusion from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries, resulting in hypoxemia and low arterial PO2.
C. Infection reduces the effectiveness of the heart: Cardiac function may be influenced by systemic infection, but William’s hypoxemia is primarily pulmonary in origin. The heart’s pumping ability does not directly explain decreased oxygenation in the alveoli.
D. Inflammatory exudates absorb oxygen from alveolar air: Exudates do not actively consume oxygen. Instead, they physically block gas exchange by filling alveolar spaces. The impaired diffusion, rather than absorption by exudates, leads to low oxygen levels in the blood.
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