Which of the following are manifestations of right heart failure?

A. Superior vena cava: The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium, not the left atrium. It is part of the systemic venous circulation.

B. Aorta: The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation. It does not return blood to the heart and is an arterial, not venous, vessel.

C. Pulmonary veins: Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium. This is the only vessel in the systemic circulation that delivers oxygen-rich blood directly to the heart.

D. Inferior vena cava: The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium. Like the superior vena cava, it does not transport blood to the left atrium.

E. Pulmonary arteries: Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. They do not return blood to the heart and do not connect to the left atrium.

A. Hyperchromic: Hyperchromic erythrocytes have an increased hemoglobin concentration and may appear darker than normal. Red blood cells have a limited ability to become truly hyperchromic, making this finding uncommon. It does not describe cells with reduced hemoglobin content.

B. Hypochromic: Hypochromic erythrocytes contain a decreased concentration of hemoglobin, resulting in a pale appearance with increased central pallor. This finding is commonly associated with disorders of hemoglobin synthesis such as iron deficiency anemia. It directly reflects low hemoglobin concentration within the erythrocytes.

C. Macrocytic: Macrocytic erythrocytes are larger than normal and are typically linked to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. The defining feature is increased cell size rather than hemoglobin concentration. Macrocytosis does not specifically indicate reduced hemoglobin within the cells.

D. Microcytic: Microcytic erythrocytes are smaller than normal and are often seen in iron deficiency anemia or thalassemia. Although these cells may also be hypochromic, the term refers specifically to decreased cell size. It does not directly describe low hemoglobin concentration.