Which of the following is a risk factor for candidiasis?
Hydration
Exercise
Low estrogen
Antibiotic use
The Correct Answer is D
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans overgrowth when the vaginal microbiome is disrupted. The depletion of Lactobacillus species leads to an increase in local pH and the loss of natural competitive inhibition. This allows yeast to transition from a commensal to a pathogenic hyphal form.
A. Hydration: Maintaining adequate fluid intake supports mucosal health and systemic immune function, which generally helps prevent infections. It does not promote fungal proliferation or alter the vaginal environment negatively. Proper hydration is a protective rather than a predisposing factor for vulvovaginal health.
B. Exercise: Regular physical activity improves circulation and immune surveillance, posing no inherent risk for yeast infections. However, wearing damp or restrictive synthetic clothing for prolonged periods after exercise can create a moist environment. Exercise itself is not a direct pathological trigger for fungal overgrowth.
C. Low estrogen: High estrogen states, such as pregnancy or oral contraceptive use, actually increase vaginal glycogen content, which feeds Candida species. Low estrogen levels, typical of menopause, result in a thinner, less glycogen-rich vaginal epithelium. This usually makes yeast infections less frequent compared to the reproductive years.
D. Antibiotic use: Broad-spectrum antibiotics eradicate protective commensal bacteria, specifically Lactobacillus, which maintain an acidic environment. The resulting rise in pH and loss of bacterial competition allow Candida to multiply rapidly. This is the most common iatrogenic cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis in clinical practice.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
External genitalia differentiate during the late first trimester as the urogenital tubercle responds to dihydrotestosterone. Sonographic visualization depends on the angle of the genital tubercle and crown-rump length. Accurate identification requires specific morphological development of the phallus or labia.
A. Week 12: Sonographic sex determination becomes reliable at this stage as the genital tubercle angle orients cranially for males or caudally for females. At 12 weeks, the phenotypic differentiation is sufficiently advanced for high-resolution imaging. This milestone correlates with the completion of early organogenesis.
B. Week 10: While the bipotential gonad has begun differentiation, the external genitalia remain in a rudimentary, indistinguishable state. Ultrasound cannot reliably discern the small anatomical variations present at this gestation. Imaging at this stage frequently results in misidentification.
C. Week 6: During this embryonic phase, the embryo is undergoing folding and initial neural tube closure. The primitive streak and urogenital ridge are forming, but external sexual characteristics are non-existent. Visualization is limited to the gestational sac and yolk sac.
D. Week 8: The embryo enters the early fetal period with a bipotential phallus that appears identical in both sexes. Hormonal influences have not yet produced measurable physical changes detectable by standard obstetric transducers. Diagnostic accuracy for sex is impossible at this developmental point.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Once the head is delivered, the nurse or midwife must immediately assess for the presence of an umbilical cord wrapped around the fetal neck. If a nuchal cord is present and tight, it can cause fetal hypoxia during the delivery of the shoulders. Identifying and managing this risk is a critical safety step.
A. Prevent hemorrhage: Stopping the delivery process does not prevent postpartum hemorrhage; in fact, the third stage of labor must be completed for the uterus to contract and stop bleeding. Hemorrhage management primarily focuses on uterine atony after the placenta is delivered.
B. Start oxytocin: Oxytocin is typically administered after the delivery of the shoulders or the placenta to promote uterine contraction. Starting it while the head is out but the body is still in the canal could cause uterine hyperstimulation, potentially trapping the fetus or causing trauma.
C. Check for nuchal cord: The provider slides a finger along the fetal neck to feel for the cord. If found, it is either slipped over the head or clamped and cut to allow the rest of the body to be born safely. This prevents cord compression during the final expulsive efforts.
D. Assess placenta: The placenta is not assessed until the entire neonate has been delivered and the umbilical cord has been clamped. It remains attached to the uterine wall during the birth of the fetus. Assessing the placenta too early is clinically impossible and irrelevant to the delivery of the body.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.