Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
booster shot of vaccine
exposure to an antigen
infusion of weakened viruses
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
The Correct Answer is D
A. Booster shot of vaccine: A booster shot stimulates the body’s own adaptive immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells. This is an example of active immunity, not passive immunity, because the immune response is generated by the individual.
B. Exposure to an antigen: Natural exposure to an antigen triggers the body to mount an immune response and develop memory cells. This is a form of active immunity, as the individual’s immune system actively responds to the pathogen.
C. Infusion of weakened viruses: Infusion of weakened viruses (live attenuated vaccines) stimulates active immunity by inducing the body to produce its own antibodies and memory cells. It does not confer immediate passive protection.
D. Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus: Passive immunity occurs when preformed antibodies are transferred from one individual to another. Maternal IgG crosses the placenta to provide the fetus with temporary protection against pathogens without requiring the fetus to generate its own immune response.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Swelling:Swelling, or edema, is a classic cardinal sign of inflammation. It occurs due to increased vascular permeability, which allows fluid, proteins, and immune cells to accumulate in the affected tissue, contributing to the inflammatory response.
B. All are signs of inflammation:All the listed options-swelling, heat, pain, and redness-are classic cardinal signs of inflammation. Therefore, it is not correct to say that any one of them is absent; collectively, they define the inflammatory process.
C. Heat:Heat at the site of inflammation results from increased blood flow (hyperemia) due to vasodilation. It is one of the four primary cardinal signs and reflects the body’s attempt to deliver immune cells and proteins to the affected area.
D. Pain:Pain arises from the release of chemical mediators like prostaglandins and bradykinin that stimulate nerve endings. It signals tissue injury and serves as an alert to prevent further damage.
E. Redness:Redness, or erythema, is caused by increased blood flow to the affected area as part of the vasodilation response. It is a hallmark feature of inflammation and helps identify the affected site visually.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Both B and E:Chemoreceptors monitor chemical changes in the blood, such as CO₂ levels and pH (H⁺ concentration), and baroreceptors monitor blood pressure changes. Some chemoreceptors work alongside baroreceptors to regulate respiration and cardiovascular function, making both B and E correct in the context of chemical detection.
B. The amount of CO₂ and H⁺ in the blood:Chemoreceptors detect changes in CO₂ and hydrogen ion concentration, which reflect the blood’s acidity. These receptors help adjust respiration rate to maintain homeostasis of blood pH and gas levels.
C. Heart rate:Heart rate is regulated primarily by the autonomic nervous system via the sinoatrial node and baroreceptor reflexes, not directly by chemoreceptors.
D. The blood pressure change:Blood pressure changes are detected by baroreceptors, not chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors respond mainly to chemical composition rather than mechanical pressure.
E. A pH change:Chemoreceptors are sensitive to pH changes in the blood, which are influenced by CO₂ and H⁺ levels. This detection triggers adjustments in ventilation to maintain acid-base balance.
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