Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
booster shot of vaccine
exposure to an antigen
infusion of weakened viruses
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
The Correct Answer is D
A. Booster shot of vaccine: A booster shot stimulates the body’s own adaptive immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells. This is an example of active immunity, not passive immunity, because the immune response is generated by the individual.
B. Exposure to an antigen: Natural exposure to an antigen triggers the body to mount an immune response and develop memory cells. This is a form of active immunity, as the individual’s immune system actively responds to the pathogen.
C. Infusion of weakened viruses: Infusion of weakened viruses (live attenuated vaccines) stimulates active immunity by inducing the body to produce its own antibodies and memory cells. It does not confer immediate passive protection.
D. Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus: Passive immunity occurs when preformed antibodies are transferred from one individual to another. Maternal IgG crosses the placenta to provide the fetus with temporary protection against pathogens without requiring the fetus to generate its own immune response.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Interfere with viral replication within cells:Interferons are signaling proteins released by virus-infected cells. They induce neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication, providing an early defense mechanism against viral infections.
B. Are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus:Interferons are not virus-specific. They provide broad antiviral protection by inducing general antiviral states in cells, making them effective against multiple types of viruses.
C. Are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold:Interferons are not routinely used as nasal sprays for the common cold due to side effects and limited effectiveness in treating mild viral infections. Their use is primarily therapeutic in serious viral infections or certain cancers.
D. Act by increasing the rate of cell division:Interferons do not stimulate cell division. Instead, they modulate immune responses and activate antiviral defenses, including the production of proteins that inhibit viral replication.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Antibody:Antibodies are produced by B cells after activation and clonal expansion. They do not determine which B cells will be selected; instead, they are the end product of the immune response.
B. Interferon:Interferons are signaling proteins that help modulate the immune response, particularly against viral infections. They do not directly influence the selection of B cells for clonal expansion.
C. Complement:The complement system enhances pathogen destruction and inflammation but does not select specific B cells for cloning. Its role is part of innate immunity, not clonal selection.
D. Antigen:Antigens bind to specific B cell receptors, selecting which B cells will proliferate. Only B cells whose receptors recognize the antigen undergo clonal expansion, differentiating into plasma cells and memory B cells, which ensures a targeted adaptive immune response.
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