Which of the following puts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism in the correct order?
A angiotensinogen + renin, angiotensin I + ACE, angiotensin II
angiotensinogen + ACE, angiotensin I + renin, angiotensin II
angiotensin I + ACE, angiotensinogen + renin, angiotensin II
angiotensin + renin, angiotensinogen +ACE, angiotensin II
The Correct Answer is A
A. angiotensinogen + renin, angiotensin I + ACE, angiotensin II: Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells and cleaves the plasma protein angiotensinogen into the decapeptide angiotensin 1. Subsequently, angiotensin-converting enzyme, primarily located in the pulmonary vascular endothelium, converts angiotensin 1 into the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin 2. This represents the correct biochemical sequence of the systemic pressor response.
B. angiotensinogen + ACE, angiotensin I + renin, angiotensin II: Angiotensin-converting enzyme does not act upon angiotensinogen; its specific substrate is angiotensin 1. Renin must act first to provide the necessary precursor for the converting enzyme. This sequence incorrectly identifies the enzyme-substrate relationships required for the production of the active hormone.
C. angiotensin I + ACE, angiotensinogen + renin, angiotensin II: This arrangement suggests that the conversion of angiotensin 1 occurs before the initial cleavage of angiotensinogen. In physiology, angiotensinogen is the constitutive precursor that must be activated by renin before any subsequent steps can take place. The cascade must follow the order of initial enzymatic activation.
D. angiotensin + renin, angiotensinogen +ACE, angiotensin II: Renin acts specifically on the globular protein angiotensinogen, which is produced by the liver, not on a generic "angiotensin" molecule. Additionally, the converting enzyme acts downstream of the renin step. This choice mislabels the precursor proteins and reverses the necessary order of the metabolic pathway.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. vagina: Although the vagina is often considered an internal structure, it is the only choice listed that belongs to the female reproductive system and is accessible from the exterior. In many introductory anatomical contexts, the vaginal orifice is grouped with the vulvar structures. It represents the interface between the internal organs and the external environment.
B. scrotum: The scrotum is a component of the male reproductive system that houses the testes outside the pelvic cavity. It has no anatomical presence in the female body. Its primary function is thermoregulation for spermatogenesis, which is an exclusively male physiological process.
C. seminal gland(s): These are male accessory glands that produce the majority of the fluid volume found in semen. They are located posterior to the urinary bladder in males. Females do not possess seminal vesicles or equivalent glands that produce seminal fluid components.
D. uterine tube: The uterine tubes, or fallopian tubes, are strictly internal reproductive organs located within the pelvic cavity. they connect the ovaries to the uterus and are the site of fertilization. They are not visible externally and are not classified as part of the vulva or external genitalia.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. uterus: While the uterus houses the developing fetus, it is the organ within which the nutritive interface is formed. The uterine wall itself provides the environment, but it does not directly perform the complex metabolic exchange or hormone secretion attributed to the specialized fetal-maternal organ.
B. placenta: This temporary organ is responsible for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between the maternal and fetal blood. It also functions as an endocrine gland, secreting human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy. It is the vital lifeline for fetal development.
C. myometrium: The muscular layer of the uterus serves primarily for the mechanical expulsion of the fetus at the end of gestation. It does not possess the transport mechanisms or secretory capacity required for fetal nutrition. Its role is structural and contractile rather than metabolic or endocrine.
D. blastocyte: This is an early developmental stage of the embryo consisting of an inner cell mass and a trophoblast. While the trophoblast eventually gives rise to the placenta, the blastocyte stage itself is too early to provide sustained nutrition. It represents the entity that is being nourished.
E. endometrium: The endometrium provides the initial site for attachment and secretes "uterine milk" for the very early embryo. However, once the placenta is established, the endometrium's role in direct nutrition is superseded by the placental circulatory interface. The placenta becomes the primary regulator of fetal growth.
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