Effects of estrogen include
deepening of the voice
increased oiliness of the skin
the reduction of progesterone
growth of the breasts at puberty
growth of the larynx
The Correct Answer is D
A. deepening of the voice: This is a secondary sex characteristic associated with androgens like testosterone, which cause the larynx to enlarge and the vocal cords to thicken. Estrogen does not induce these changes. In females, the voice remains higher because estrogen lacks the anabolic effect on laryngeal cartilage.
B. increased oiliness of the skin: Sebaceous gland activity is primarily stimulated by androgens in both males and females. High levels of estrogen typically have a moderating effect on skin oils and can lead to smoother skin texture. Increased sebum production and acne are more commonly associated with the hormonal shifts of puberty.
C. the reduction of progesterone: Estrogen does not typically reduce progesterone levels; in fact, estrogen often primes tissues by upregulating progesterone receptors. In the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase, while progesterone levels rise later during the luteal phase. These hormones work synergistically to prepare the uterus for pregnancy.
D. growth of the breasts at puberty: Estrogen is the primary hormone responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. It stimulates the ductal system of the mammary glands and promotes the deposition of adipose tissue in the breasts. This process is a hallmark of female physical maturation during the pubertal transition.
E. growth of the larynx: As with the deepening of the voice, significant laryngeal growth is an androgenic effect seen predominantly in males. Estrogen does not cause the prominent thyroid cartilage growth known as the Adam's apple. Female laryngeal structures remain smaller and less prominent due to the lack of high testosterone levels.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. the prostate: The prostate gland contributes approximately 25 to 30 percent of the total seminal volume. Its secretion is a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen. While vital for sperm activation and liquefaction, it does not provide the majority of the fluid volume.
B. the pituitary: The pituitary gland is an endocrine organ located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It secretes gonadotropins like follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone to regulate the reproductive system. It does not produce any components of the liquid semen ejaculated from the male reproductive tract.
C. the epididymis: The epididymis serves as the primary site for sperm maturation and storage where they acquire motility. While it adds a very small amount of fluid to support the sperm, its contribution to the final volume of ejaculate is negligible. It is a ductal structure rather than a major secretory gland.
D. the seminal vesicles: These paired glands produce about 70 percent of the total semen volume. The secretion is a viscous, alkaline fluid rich in fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins. This fluid provides the primary energy source for sperm and helps neutralize the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract.
E. the bulbourethral glands: Also known as Cowper's glands, these small structures secrete a clear, alkaline mucus during sexual arousal. This pre-ejaculate lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes residual acidic urine in the urethra. Their contribution to the final volume of semen is usually less than 5 percent.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. the prostate: The prostate gland contributes approximately 25 to 30 percent of the total seminal volume. Its secretion is a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen. While vital for sperm activation and liquefaction, it does not provide the majority of the fluid volume.
B. the pituitary: The pituitary gland is an endocrine organ located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It secretes gonadotropins like follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone to regulate the reproductive system. It does not produce any components of the liquid semen ejaculated from the male reproductive tract.
C. the epididymis: The epididymis serves as the primary site for sperm maturation and storage where they acquire motility. While it adds a very small amount of fluid to support the sperm, its contribution to the final volume of ejaculate is negligible. It is a ductal structure rather than a major secretory gland.
D. the seminal vesicles: These paired glands produce about 70 percent of the total semen volume. The secretion is a viscous, alkaline fluid rich in fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins. This fluid provides the primary energy source for sperm and helps neutralize the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract.
E. the bulbourethral glands: Also known as Cowper's glands, these small structures secrete a clear, alkaline mucus during sexual arousal. This pre-ejaculate lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes residual acidic urine in the urethra. Their contribution to the final volume of semen is usually less than 5 percent.
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