What is the most common early sign of bladder cancer?
Severe abdominal cramping
Dark, frothy urine
Painless hematuria
Frequent nocturia
The Correct Answer is C
Rationale:
A. Severe abdominal cramping is not an early sign of bladder cancer. Cramping or pain typically occurs later in the disease if there is tumor invasion, obstruction, or infection. Early stages of bladder cancer are usually asymptomatic in terms of pain.
B. Dark, frothy urine is more indicative of proteinuria or kidney disease, such as nephrotic syndrome, rather than bladder cancer. While bladder cancer can cause hematuria, the urine is not necessarily frothy.
C. Painless hematuria is the most common early sign of bladder cancer. Blood in the urine may appear grossly visible (red or cola-colored) or microscopic, and it occurs without pain because early tumors typically do not invade the deeper bladder wall or irritate the mucosa significantly. This symptom often prompts medical evaluation, making it a critical early indicator for diagnosis.
D. Frequent nocturia (urination at night) may occur in later stages or in cases of bladder irritation, obstruction, or benign prostatic hyperplasia, but it is not the most common early sign of bladder cancer.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Folate-deficiency anemia arises from insufficient folate (vitamin B9), which is necessary for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production. While inadequate folate intake can contribute, this type of anemia is more often associated with malabsorption syndromes, alcoholism, certain medications (like methotrexate), or increased requirements during pregnancy, rather than general poor nutrition in the population at large.
B. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, producing hemoglobin S. This mutation causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to hemolysis and vascular occlusion. Nutritional deficiencies do not cause sickle cell anemia, though adequate nutrition can help manage complications.
C. Pernicious anemia is caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by gastric parietal cells that is required for B12 absorption. While dietary B12 intake can influence this condition, the primary defect is impaired absorption, not dietary insufficiency.
D. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional anemia worldwide, resulting from inadequate iron intake, chronic blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or increased requirements (such as during pregnancy or growth spurts). Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport. Without sufficient iron, the body produces small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic) red blood cells, which cannot carry oxygen efficiently. This leads to hallmark symptoms such as fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness, and decreased exercise tolerance. Iron-deficiency anemia is directly linked to dietary insufficiency and can be prevented or treated with iron-rich foods (e.g., red meat, leafy greens, legumes) and iron supplementation when necessary.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Aplastic anemia is a type of cancer affecting the bone marrow is incorrect. Aplastic anemia is not a cancer. It is a bone marrow failure disorder in which the marrow fails to produce sufficient blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Unlike leukemia, it does not involve malignant proliferation of abnormal cells.
B. Aplastic anemia is usually caused by excess production of blood cells in the bone marrow is incorrect. In aplastic anemia, the bone marrow is hypocellular, meaning it produces too few blood cells, not an excess. Overproduction is characteristic of conditions like polycythemia vera, not aplastic anemia.
C. Aplastic anemia only affects red blood cells is incorrect. Aplastic anemia is pancytopenia, meaning it affects all blood cell lines: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This results in anemia, increased risk of infection, and bleeding tendencies.
D. Aplastic anemia is a result in impaired bone marrow is correct. The hallmark of aplastic anemia is bone marrow failure, which can result from autoimmune destruction, exposure to toxins, medications, radiation, viral infections, or idiopathic causes. The impaired marrow leads to decreased production of all blood cells, causing the clinical features of fatigue, pallor, infections, and bleeding.
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