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Which respiratory volume is excluded while calculating vital capacity?

A.

Expiratory reserve volume

B.

Tidal volume

C.

Residual volume

D.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Expiratory reserve volume: This is included in the calculation of vital capacity (VC = TV + IRV + ERV).

B. Tidal volume: This is also included in vital capacity.

C. Residual volume: The residual volume is the air that remains in the lungs after a forced exhalation and is not part of the vital capacity.

D. Inspiratory reserve volume: This is included in the calculation of vital capacity.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Aldosterone hormone: Aldosterone affects sodium and potassium reabsorption, increasing water retention indirectly, but it does not directly increase water permeability in the collecting ducts.

B. Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone: This hormone decreases blood volume by inhibiting sodium reabsorption, leading to more water excretion, not reabsorption.

C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

D. Parathyroid hormone: This hormone primarily regulates calcium levels, not water permeability.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Rugae: The rugae are folds in the stomach lining that expand when the stomach fills with food, increasing surface area for digestion.

B. Microvilli: Microvilli increase surface area in the small intestine, not the stomach.

C. Peritoneum: The peritoneum is a membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity, not involved in surface area expansion of the stomach.

D. Muscularis: The muscularis is the muscle layer responsible for stomach contractions but does not increase surface area.

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