With regard to the special qualities and production of human breast milk, nurses should be aware that
colostrum is an early, less concentrated, less rich version of mature milk.
the milk of preterm mothers is the same as the milk of mothers who gave birth at term.
frequent feedings during predictable growth spurts stimulate increased milk production.
the milk at the beginning of the feeding is the same as the milk at the end of the feeding.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale
Colostrum, the thick, yellowish fluid produced in the first few days post-birth, is actually more concentrated than mature milk, being particularly rich in immunoglobulins (especially IgA), proteins, and white blood cells, which provide vital passive immunity. It is a highly potent "first vaccine," not a less concentrated version.
Choice B rationale
The milk produced by mothers who deliver prematurely (preterm milk) is scientifically distinct from term milk; specifically, it contains higher concentrations of protein, sodium, chloride, and iron, which are tailored to meet the greater nutritional and developmental demands of the rapidly growing and often compromised preterm infant.
Choice C rationale
This is correct; milk production operates on a supply-and-demand principle regulated by the hormone prolactin. During predictable growth spurts, the infant feeds more frequently and vigorously, leading to more complete emptying of the breast, which subsequently stimulates the alveolar cells to increase their rate of milk synthesis.
Choice D rationale
Breast milk composition is not uniform throughout a feeding. The milk produced at the beginning, called fore milk, is higher in water content and lactose, while the milk expressed later in the feeding, called hind milk, has a significantly higher fat content, which provides the major caloric source for growth. —.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
A return of menses in 2 to 3 weeks postpartum is extremely rare for non-nursing mothers. The typical return is delayed by the involution of the uterus and the residual hormonal milieu from pregnancy. While follicular development can begin early, the complete cycle takes longer due to the required recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
Choice B rationale
This timeframe is typical for the return of menses in a mother who is exclusively breastfeeding, where prolactin suppresses ovulation by inhibiting gonadotropin-releasing hormone release. For a client who is formula-feeding, the suppression from pregnancy hormones rapidly diminishes once the placenta is expelled and prolactin levels are not maintained by suckling.
Choice C rationale
For a non-breastfeeding client, the pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the ovarian cycle return to pre-pregnancy levels more quickly than for a breastfeeding client. The first ovulation can occur as early as 4 to 6 weeks postpartum, and menstruation usually follows about two weeks later, making the 7 to 9 week range a common and appropriate estimate.
Choice D rationale
This response is dismissive and does not provide the client with the factual, anticipatory guidance she is requesting. Providing accurate information regarding the body's recovery and the resumption of the menstrual cycle is an essential component of postpartum education and self-care instruction. .
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Estrogen-containing contraceptives significantly increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes DVT, by altering the balance of the coagulation cascade. Estrogen promotes the synthesis of clotting factors while simultaneously decreasing the levels of antithrombin, thereby creating a hypercoagulable state. For women with a prior history of DVT, this elevated VTE risk makes all estrogen-containing contraceptives absolutely contraindicated to prevent recurrence.
Choice B rationale
This statement is scientifically incorrect and potentially harmful. Estrogen-containing birth control pills increase, not lower, the risk of DVT, typically 3-to-9-fold compared to non-users, especially in individuals with pre-existing risk factors like a DVT history. The synthetic estrogen component directly contributes to blood hypercoagulability by increasing liver production of pro-thrombotic proteins.
Choice C rationale
While barrier methods like condoms are safe as they have no systemic hormonal effects, they are not the only safe contraceptive option. Progestin-only contraceptives (e.g., progestin-only pills, depot injection, hormonal IUDs) and non-hormonal IUDs are also considered safe and effective alternatives because progestins alone do not carry the same significant thrombogenic risk as estrogen.
Choice D rationale
This is a dangerous and incorrect statement. A personal history of DVT is a definitive contraindication for the use of any combined oral contraceptive (COC) or any method containing estrogen, due to the high risk of VTE recurrence. The potential for a life-threatening pulmonary embolism outweighs the benefits, necessitating the exclusive use of non-estrogen methods. —. ##
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