Your client: Chester Payne
Age: 78 years old
Past medical history. History of persistent atrial fibrillation, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and osteoarthrosis.
Yesterday: Client was admitted for a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response (RVR). Later in the day, the client's heart rhythm was converted to normal sinus rhythm using intravenous medication therapy.
0900 today: Client is sitting up in the bedside recliner. Client reports "racing heartbeat" and feeling "like I can't get a good deep breath" Upon auscultation the nurse hears an irregular heart rhythm.
Assessment is as follows:
Neurological: Alert and oriented x 4
Eyes, Ear, Nose, and Throat (EENT): Normocephalic, denies sore throat, denies nasal congestion, denies vision changes. No swelling or drainage visualized.
Pulmonary: Reports some shortness of breath (SOB), no cough. Lungs sound clear in all fields. Cardiovascular: Irregular heart rhythm auscultated. Denies chest pain. Skin is warm and dry to the touch. Capillary refill > 3 seconds. 2+ bilateral lower extremity edema. Peripheral pulse 1+ equal bilaterally. Jugular vein distention (JVD) is noted
Gastrointestinal: Abdomen rounded and firm. Reports slight nausea, bowel sounds hypoactive x 4 quadrants. Reports bowel movement prior to admission.
Genitourinary: Voiding clear yellow urine without issues as per client self-report.
Musculoskeletal: Full range of motion against resistance.
What is the next action the nurse should take?
Obtain manual blood pressure
Measure airflow via incentive spirometry
Insert indwelling urinary catheter
Assist the patient to get dressed to work with physical therapy
The Correct Answer is A
A. Obtain manual blood pressure: Assessing the hemodynamic status is the priority when a client reports a racing heartbeat and shortness of breath. An irregular rhythm following conversion of atrial fibrillation requires immediate validation of perfusion and blood pressure stability. Manual measurement provides the most accurate clinical data for determining the severity of the cardiovascular change.
B. Measure airflow via incentive spirometry: Incentive spirometry is used to prevent atelectasis and is not a diagnostic tool for acute shortness of breath or cardiac arrhythmias. It does not provide information regarding the underlying cause of the "racing heartbeat" or the irregular rhythm. Priority must be placed on cardiovascular assessment rather than routine respiratory exercises.
C. Insert indwelling urinary catheter: There is no immediate clinical indication for an invasive urinary catheter based on the client's current symptoms of palpitations and dyspnea. While monitoring output is important in heart failure, it is secondary to stabilizing the client's heart rate and rhythm. Catheterization poses an unnecessary infection risk in this acute assessment phase.
D. Assist the patient to get dressed to work with physical therapy: Engaging in physical exertion while experiencing tachycardia and shortness of breath is dangerous and contraindicated. The client's reports of a "racing heartbeat" and irregular rhythm indicate a potential relapse into atrial fibrillation with rapid response. Physical activity should be deferred until the client is hemodynamically stable.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","D"]
Explanation
A. Distended jugular veins: Right-sided failure increases pressure in the right atrium and vena cava, leading to visible engorgement of the internal jugular veins. This finding reflects the retrograde backup of blood into the systemic venous system. It is a primary clinical indicator of elevated central venous pressure.
B. Weight gain: Rapid increase in body mass in heart failure patients is almost exclusively due to the retention of sodium and water. As the kidneys perceive low perfusion, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system triggers fluid volume expansion. This leads to the systemic accumulation of fluid characteristic of right-sided dysfunction.
C. Orthopnea: This symptom involves difficulty breathing while lying flat and is a classic sign of left-sided heart failure and pulmonary congestion. It occurs when fluid from the lower extremities redistributes to the lungs in a recumbent position. Right-sided failure alone does not typically cause this pulmonary-specific symptom.
D. Peripheral edema: Increased systemic venous pressure causes fluid to leak from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces of the lower extremities. This presents as swelling in the feet, ankles, and pretibial areas, often worsening as the day progresses. It is a hallmark sign of right-heart pump failure.
E. Crackles the lungs: Adventitious lung sounds like crackles indicate fluid in the alveoli, which is a manifestation of pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema is caused by the failure of the left ventricle to move blood into the systemic circulation. It is not a direct finding of isolated right-sided heart failure.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. IV fluid bolus of normal saline at 250 ml/hour: Administering a fluid bolus would be detrimental to a client already showing signs of volume overload, such as JVD and peripheral edema. This intervention would exacerbate the heart failure and worsen the client's respiratory distress. Fluid restriction is more likely indicated in this clinical scenario.
B. Furosemide and a calcium channel blocker: Furosemide will address the systemic edema and JVD by promoting diuresis and reducing fluid volume. A calcium channel blocker, such as diltiazem, is standard for rate control in atrial fibrillation to slow the ventricular response. This combination treats both the symptomatic fluid overload and the underlying arrhythmia.
C. Pantoprazole and digoxin: While digoxin can be used for rate control, pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor for gastric acid and does not address the client's primary cardiac issues. Digoxin alone would not treat the significant peripheral edema or JVD noted in the assessment. The primary goal is diuresis and rapid rate stabilization.
D. IV potassium and antibiotics: Antibiotics are used for bacterial infections, which are not suggested by the clear lung sounds and lack of fever. Potassium is only replaced if a deficit is confirmed via laboratory testing. These medications do not address the acute needs of a client in heart failure with a rapid heart rate.
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